Let $0<t<\frac{\pi}{2}$. Evaluate \[\lim_{t\rightarrow \frac{\pi}{2}} \int_0^t \tan \theta \sqrt{\cos \theta}\ln (\cos \theta)d\theta\]

In a cyclic convex hexagon $ABCDEF$, $AB$ and $DC$ intersect at $G$, $AF$ and $DE$ intersect at $H$. Let $M, N$ be the circumcenters of $BCG$ and $EFH$, respectively. Prove that the $BE$, $CF$ and $MN$ are concurrent.

Given distinct prime numbers $p$ and $q$ and a natural number $n \geq 3$, find all $a \in \mathbb{Z}$ such that the polynomial $f(x) = x^n + ax^{n-1} + pq$ can be factored into 2 integral polynomials of degree at least 1.

Let $ABC$ be an acute triangle with circumcenter $O$. Let the parallel to $BC$ through $A$ intersect line $BO$ at $B_A$ and $CO$ at $C_A$. Lines $B_AC$ and $BC_A$ intersect at $A'$. Define $B'$ and $C'$ similarly. (a) Prove that the the perpendicular from $A'$ to $BC$, the perpendicular from $B'$ to $AC$, and $C'$ to $AB$ are concurrent. (b) Prove that likes $AA'$, $BB'$, and $CC'$ are concurrent.

Find all prime numbers $p, q$ and $r$ such that $p>q>r$ and the numbers $p-q, p-r$ and $q-r$ are also prime.

Let $\Omega$ be the circumcircle of triangle $ABC$ such that the tangents to $\Omega$ in points $B$ and $C$ intersect in $P$. The squares $ABB_1B_2$ and $ACC_1C_2$ are constructed on the sides $AB$ and $AC$ in the exterior of triangle $ABC$, such that the lines $B_1B_2$ and $C_1C_2$ intersect in point $Q$. Prove that $P$, $A$, and $Q$ are collinear.

Let $k\geqslant 2$ be an integer. Consider the sequence $(x_n)_{n\geqslant 1}$ defined by $x_1=a>0$ and $x_{n+1}=x_n+\lfloor k/x_n\rfloor$ for $n\geqslant 1.$ Prove that the sequence is convergent and determine its limit.

At each step, a rectangular tile of length $1, 2$, or, $3$ is chosen at random, what is the probability that the total length is $10$ after $5$ steps?

$(GBR 2)$ Let $a, b, x, y$ be positive integers such that $a$ and $b$ have no common divisor greater than $1$. Prove that the largest number not expressible in the form $ax + by$ is $ab - a - b$. If $N(k)$ is the largest number not expressible in the form $ax + by$ in only $k$ ways, find $N(k).$

(a) Show that for every $n\in\mathbb{N}$ there is exactly one $x\in\mathbb{R}^+$ so that $x^n+x^{n+1}=1$. Call this $x_n$. (b) Find $\lim\limits_{n\rightarrow+\infty}x_n$.

A trapezoid with bases $AD$ and $BC$ is circumscribed about a circle, $E$ is the intersection point of the diagonals. Prove that $\angle AED$ is not acute.

For positive integers $k,n$ with $k\leq n$, we say that a $k$-tuple $\left(a_1,a_2,\ldots,a_k\right)$ of positive integers is [i]tasty[/i] if [list] [*] there exists a $k$-element subset $S$ of $[n]$ and a bijection $f:[k]\to S$ with $a_x\leq f\left(x\right)$ for each $x\in [k]$, [*] $a_x=a_y$ for some distinct $x,y\in [k]$, and [*] $a_i\leq a_j$ for any $i < j$. [/list] For some positive integer $n$, there are more than $2018$ tasty tuples as $k$ ranges through $2,3,\ldots,n$. Compute the least possible number of tasty tuples there can be. Note: For a positive integer $m$, $[m]$ is taken to denote the set $\left\{1,2,\ldots,m\right\}$. [i]Proposed by Vincent Huang and Tristan Shin[/i]

Find all posible pairs of positive integers $x,y$ such that $$\text{lcm}(x,y+3001)=\text{lcm}(y,x+3001)$$

Fixed two circles $w_1$ and $w_2$, $\ell$ one of their external tangent and $m$ one of their internal tangent . On the line $m$, a point $X$ is chosen, and on the line $\ell$, points $Y$ and $Z$ are constructed so that $XY$ and $XZ$ touch $w_1$ and $w_2$, respectively, and the triangle $XYZ$ contains circles $w_1$ and $w_2$. Prove that the centers of the circles inscribed in triangles $XYZ$ lie on one line. (P. Kozhevnikov)

Circle $C_0$ has radius $1$, and the point $A_0$ is a point on the circle. Circle $C_1$ has radius $r<1$ and is internally tangent to $C_0$ at point $A_0$. Point $A_1$ lies on circle $C_1$ so that $A_1$ is located $90^{\circ}$ counterclockwise from $A_0$ on $C_1$. Circle $C_2$ has radius $r^2$ and is internally tangent to $C_1$ at point $A_1$. In this way a sequence of circles $C_1,C_2,C_3,...$ and a sequence of points on the circles $A_1,A_2,A_3,...$ are constructed, where circle $C_n$ has radius $r^n$ and is internally tangent to circle $C_{n-1}$ at point $A_{n-1}$, and point $A_n$ lies on $C_n$ $90^{\circ}$ counterclockwise from point $A_{n-1}$, as shown in the figure below. There is one point $B$ inside all of these circles. When $r=\frac{11}{60}$, the distance from the center of $C_0$ to $B$ is $\frac{m}{n}$, where $m$ and $n$ are relatively prime positive integers. Find $m+n$. [asy] size(6cm); real r = 0.8; pair nthCircCent(int n){ pair ans = (0, 0); for(int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) ans += rotate(90 * i - 90) * (r^(i - 1) - r^i, 0); return ans; } void dNthCirc(int n){ draw(circle(nthCircCent(n), r^n)); } dNthCirc(0); dNthCirc(1); dNthCirc(2); dNthCirc(3); dot("$A_0$", (1, 0), dir(0)); dot("$A_1$", nthCircCent(1) + (0, r), dir(135)); dot("$A_2$", nthCircCent(2) + (-r^2, 0), dir(0)); [/asy]

Let $ \alpha$ be a rational number with $ 0 < \alpha < 1$ and $ \cos (3 \pi \alpha) \plus{} 2\cos(2 \pi \alpha) \equal{} 0$. Prove that $ \alpha \equal{} \frac {2}{3}$.

Joe generates 4 independent random numbers in $(0,1)$ according to the uniform distribution. He shows one the numbers to Bill, who has to guess whether the number shown is one of the extremal numbers (that is, the smallest or the greatest) of the four numbers or not. Can Joe have a deterministic strategy such that no matter what Bill's method is, the probability of the right guess of Bill is at most $\frac12$?

For every positive integer $n$ there exist unambiguously determined non-negative integers $a(n)$ and $b(n)$ such that $$n = 2^{a(n)}(2b(n)+1),$$ For positive integer $k$ we define $S(k)$ by: $$a(1) + a(2) + ... + a(2^k) = S(k)$$ Express $S(k)$ in terms of $k$.

What's the smallest positive integer \( n > 3 \), for which there does [b]not[/b] exist a (not necessarily convex) \( n \)-gon such that all its diagonals have equal lengths? A diagonal of any polygon is defined as a segment connecting any two non-adjacent vertices of the polygon. [i]Proposed by Anton Trygub[/i]

Positive integer $n$ when divided with number $3$ gives remainder $a$, when divided with $5$ has remainder $b$ and when divided with $7$ gives remainder $c$. Find remainder when dividing number $n$ with $105$ if $4a+3b+2c=30$

Call a polynomial with real roots [i]n-local[/i] if the greatest difference between any pair of its roots is $n$. Let $f(x)=x^2+ax+b$ be a 1-[i]local[/i] polynomial with distinct roots such that $a$ and $b$ are non-zero integers. If $f(f(x))$ is a 23-[i]local[/i] polynomial, find the sum of the roots of $f(x)$. [i]Proposed by Anthony Yang[/i]

Prove that there are infinitely many integers which cannot be expressed as $2^a+3^b-5^c$ for non-negative integers $a,b,c$.

Let $ABC$ be a triangle with $AB=AC$, and let $M$ be the midpoint of $BC$. Let $P$ be a point such that $PB<PC$ and $PA$ is parallel to $BC$. Let $X$ and $Y$ be points on the lines $PB$ and $PC$, respectively, so that $B$ lies on the segment $PX$, $C$ lies on the segment $PY$, and $\angle PXM=\angle PYM$. Prove that the quadrilateral $APXY$ is cyclic.

In the decimal expansion of a fraction $\frac{m}{n}$ with positive integers $m$ and $n$ you can find a string of numbers $7143$ after the comma. Show $n>1250$. [i]Example:[/i] I mean something like $0.7143$.

A triangle $\vartriangle ABC$ has $\angle B = 90^o$ . A circle is tangent to $AB$ at $B$ and also tangent to $AC$. Another circle is tangent to the first circle as well as the two sides $AB$ and $AC$. Suppose that $AB =\sqrt3$ and $BC = 3$. What is the radius of the second circle?