Olympiad problems

2021 Princeton University Math Competition, A2 / B4

Tags: algebra

For a bijective function $g : R \to R$, we say that a function $f : R \to R$ is its superinverse if it satisfies the following identity $(f \circ g)(x) = g^{-1}(x)$, where $g^{-1}$ is the inverse of $g$. Given $g(x) = x^3 + 9x^2 + 27x + 81$ and $f$ is its superinverse, find $|f(-289)|$.

VII Soros Olympiad 2000 - 01, 8.4

Tags: geometry , 3d geometry , combinatorics , equilateral , coloring

Paint the maximum number of vertices of the cube red so that you cannot select three of the red vertices that form an equilateral triangle.

2018 AMC 12/AHSME, 19

Tags:

Mary chose an even $4$-digit number $n$. She wrote down all the divisors of $n$ in increasing order from left to right: $1,2,...,\tfrac{n}{2},n$. At some moment Mary wrote $323$ as a divisor of $n$. What is the smallest possible value of the next divisor written to the right of $323$? $\textbf{(A) } 324 \qquad \textbf{(B) } 330 \qquad \textbf{(C) } 340 \qquad \textbf{(D) } 361 \qquad \textbf{(E) } 646$

2014 Contests, 1

Tags: basic probability , probability

1. What is the probability that a randomly chosen word of this sentence has exactly four letters?

2013 Thailand Mathematical Olympiad, 8

Tags: algebra , polynomial

Let $p(x) = x^{2013} + a_{2012}x^{2012} + a_{2011}x^{2011} +...+ a_1x + a_0$ be a polynomial with real coefficients with roots $- b_{1006}, - b_{1005}, ... , -b_1, 0, b_1, ... , b_{1005}, b_{1006}$, where $b_1, b_2, ... , b_{1006}$ are positive reals with product $1$. Show that $a_3a_{2011} \le 1012036$

1989 National High School Mathematics League, 1

Tags:

On complex plane, if $A,B$ are two angles of acute triangle $ABC$, then the point $z=(\cos B-\sin A)+\text{i}(\sin B-\cos A)$ corresponding to is in $\text{(A)}$Quadrant I $\text{(B)}$Quadrant II $\text{(C)}$Quadrant III $\text{(D)}$Quadrant IV

2008 Teodor Topan, 3

Tags: limit , geometry , geometric transformation , calculus , calculus computations , logarithm

Consider the sequence $ a_n\equal{}\sqrt[3]{n^3\plus{}3n^2\plus{}2n\plus{}1}\plus{}a\sqrt[5]{n^5\plus{}5n^4\plus{}1}\plus{}\frac{ln(e^{n^2}\plus{}n\plus{}2)}{n\plus{}2}\plus{}b$. Find $ a,b \in \mathbb{R}$ such that $ \displaystyle\lim_{n\to\infty}a_n\equal{}5$.

2022 IMC, 3

Tags: function , counting techniques , generating functions

Let $p$ be a prime number. A flea is staying at point $0$ of the real line. At each minute, the flea has three possibilities: to stay at its position, or to move by $1$ to the left or to the right. After $p-1$ minutes, it wants to be at $0$ again. Denote by $f(p)$ the number of its strategies to do this (for example, $f(3) = 3$: it may either stay at $0$ for the entire time, or go to the left and then to the right, or go to the right and then to the left). Find $f(p)$ modulo $p$.

2009 Purple Comet Problems, 16

Tags: trigonometry , complex number

Let the complex number $z = \cos\tfrac{1}{1000} + i \sin\tfrac{1}{1000}.$ Find the smallest positive integer $n$ so that $z^n$ has an imaginary part which exceeds $\tfrac{1}{2}.$

1992 India Regional Mathematical Olympiad, 5

Tags: geometry

$ABCD$ is a quadrilateral and $P,Q$ are the midpoints of $CD, AB, AP, DQ$ meet at $X$ and $BP, CQ$ meet at $Y$. Prove that $A[ADX]+A[BCY] = A[PXOY]$.

2018 Iran Team Selection Test, 5

Tags: combinatorics

$2n-1$ distinct positive real numbers with sum $S $ are given. Prove that there are at least $\binom {2n-2}{n-1}$ different ways to choose $n $ numbers among them such that their sum is at least $\frac {S}{2}$. [i]Proposed by Amirhossein Gorzi[/i]

2009 Harvard-MIT Mathematics Tournament, 3

Tags: parallelogram , geometry

Let $T$ be a right triangle with sides having lengths $3$, $4$, and $5$. A point $P$ is called [i]awesome[/i] if P is the center of a parallelogram whose vertices all lie on the boundary of $T$. What is the area of the set of awesome points?

2016 Purple Comet Problems, 9

Tags:

Find the sum of all perfect squares that divide 2016.

2023 Bangladesh Mathematical Olympiad, P7

Tags: number theory , strong induction

Prove that every positive integer can be represented in the form $$3^{m_1}\cdot 2^{n_1}+3^{m_2}\cdot 2^{n_2} + \dots + 3^{m_k}\cdot 2^{n_k}$$ where $m_1 > m_2 > \dots > m_k \geq 0$ and $0 \leq n_1 < n_2 < \dots < n_k$ are integers.

1993 IMO Shortlist, 2

Tags: modular arithmetic , number theory , divisibility , prime number , composite number

A natural number $n$ is said to have the property $P,$ if, for all $a, n^2$ divides $a^n - 1$ whenever $n$ divides $a^n - 1.$ a.) Show that every prime number $n$ has property $P.$ b.) Show that there are infinitely many composite numbers $n$ that possess property $P.$

2023 LMT Spring, 10

Tags: algebra

The sequence $a_0,a_1,a_2,...$ is defined such that $a_0 = 2+ \sqrt3$, $a_1 =\sqrt{5-2\sqrt5}$, and $$a_n a_{n-1}a_{n-2} - a_n + a_{n-1} + a_{n-2} = 0.$$ Find the least positive integer $n$ such that $a_n = 1$.

1949-56 Chisinau City MO, 26

Tags: congruent triangles , congruent , geometry

Formulate a criterion for the conguence of triangles by two medians and an altitude.

2014 Bosnia And Herzegovina - Regional Olympiad, 2

Tags: number theory , positive integer , equation

Solve the equation $$x^2+y^2+z^2=686$$ where $x$, $y$ and $z$ are positive integers

2006 Princeton University Math Competition, 7

Tags:

Find one complex value of $x$ that satisfies the equation $\sqrt{3}x^7+x^4+2=0$.

2019 HMNT, 2

Tags: number theory

Meghana writes two (not necessarily distinct) primes $q$ and $r$ in base $10$ next to each other on a blackboard, resulting in the concatenation of $q$ and $r$ (for example, if $q = 13$ and $r = 5$, the number on the blackboard is now $135$). She notices that three more than the resulting number is the square of a prime $p$. Find all possible values of $p$.

2010 Princeton University Math Competition, 3

Tags: geometry , ratio , angle bisector

Triangle $ABC$ has $AB = 4$, $AC = 5$, and $BC = 6$. An angle bisector is drawn from angle $A$, and meets $BC$ at $M$. What is the nearest integer to $100 \frac{AM}{CM}$?

2011 India Regional Mathematical Olympiad, 3

Tags: quadratic

A natural number $n$ is chosen strictly between two consecutive perfect squares. The smaller of these two squares is obtained by subtracting $k$ from $n$ and the larger by adding $l$ to $n.$ Prove that $n-kl$ is a perfect square.

2019 Korea National Olympiad, 3

Tags: number theory

Suppose that positive integers $m,n,k$ satisfy the equations $$m^2+1=2n^2, 2m^2+1=11k^2.$$ Find the residue when $n$ is divided by $17$.

2008 Romania Team Selection Test, 4

Tags: inequalities , induction , graph theory , combinatorics

Let $ n$ be a nonzero positive integer. A set of persons is called a $ n$-balanced set if in any subset of $ 3$ persons there exists at least two which know each other and in each subset of $ n$ persons there are two which don't know each other. Prove that a $ n$-balanced set has at most $ (n \minus{} 1)(n \plus{} 2)/2$ persons.

1993 IMO Shortlist, 4

Tags: inradius , incenter , trigonometry , law of sines , geometry

Given a triangle $ABC$, let $D$ and $E$ be points on the side $BC$ such that $\angle BAD = \angle CAE$. If $M$ and $N$ are, respectively, the points of tangency of the incircles of the triangles $ABD$ and $ACE$ with the line $BC$, then show that \[\frac{1}{MB}+\frac{1}{MD}= \frac{1}{NC}+\frac{1}{NE}. \]