Prove that there exists a constant $K$ such that the following inequality holds for any sequence of positive numbers $a_1 , a_2 , a_3 , \ldots:$ $$\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{n}{a_1 + a_2 +\ldots + a_n } \leq K \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{a_{n}}.$$

Call a function $\mathbb Z_{>0}\rightarrow \mathbb Z_{>0}$ $\emph{M-rugged}$ if it is unbounded and satisfies the following two conditions: $(1)$ If $f(n)|f(m)$ and $f(n)<f(m)$ then $n|m$. $(2)$ $|f(n+1)-f(n)|\leq M$. a. Find all $1-rugged$ functions. b. Determine if the number of $2-rugged$ functions is smaller than $2019$.

Determine all polynomials $P(x)$ with integer coefficients such that, for any positive integer $n$, the equation $P(x)=2^n$ has an integer root.

Let $\tau (n)$ denote the number of positive integer divisors of $n$. Find the sum of the six least positive integers $n$ that are solutions to $\tau (n) + \tau (n+1) = 7$.

$ABCD$ is a convex quadrilateral; half-lines $DA$ and $CB$ meet at point $Q$; half-lines $BA$ and $CD$ meet at point $P$. It is known that $\angle AQB=\angle APD$. The bisector of angle $\angle AQB$ meets the sides $AB$ and $CD$ of the quadrilateral at points $X$ and $Y$, respectively; the bisector of angle $\angle APD$ meets the sides $AD$ and $BC$ at points $Z$ and $T$, respectively. The circumcircles of triangles $ZQT$ and $XPY$ meet at point $K$ inside the quadrilateral. Prove that $K$ lies on the diagonal $AC$. [i]Proposed by S. Berlov[/i]

[b]Q[/b] Let $p,q,r$ be non negative reals such that $pqr=1$. Find the maximum value for the expression $$\sum_{cyc} p[r^{4}+q^{4}-p^{4}-p]$$ [i]Proposed by Aritra12[/i]

Let $ABC$ a triangle and $P$ a point such that the triangles $PAB, PBC, PCA$ have the same area and the same perimeter. Prove that if: a) $P$ is in the interior of the triangle $ABC$ then $ABC$ is equilateral. b) $P$ is in the exterior of the triangle $ABC$ then $ABC$ is right angled triangle.

We draw $n$ convex quadrilaterals in the plane. They divide the plane into regions (one of the regions is infinite). Determine the maximal possible number of these regions.

The incircle of a non-isosceles triangle $ABC$ has centre $I$ and is tangent to $BC$ and $CA$ in $D$ and $E$, respectively. Let $H$ be the orthocentre of $ABI$, let $K$ be the intersection of $AI$ and $BH$ and let $L$ be the intersection of $BI$ and $AH$. Show that the circumcircles of $DKH$ and $ELH$ intersect on the incircle of $ABC$.

Let $ABC$ be an acute triangle with $AB<AC$ and $D,E,F$ be the contact points of the incircle $(I)$ with $BC,AC,AB$. Let $M,N$ be on $EF$ such that $MB \perp BC$ and $NC \perp BC$. $MD$ and $ND$ intersect the $(I)$ in $D$ and $Q$. Prove that $DP=DQ$.

Show that there is no infinite sequence of primes $p_1, p_2, p_3, . . .$ there any for each $ k$: $p_{k+1} = 2p_k - 1$ or $p_{k+1} = 2p_k + 1$ is fulfilled. Note that not the same formula for every $k$.

It is given that $x$ varies directly as $y$ and inversely as the square of $z$, and that $x=10$ when $y=4$ and $z=14$. Then, when $y=16$ and $z=7$, $x$ equals: $ \textbf{(A)}\ 180\qquad\textbf{(B)}\ 160\qquad\textbf{(C)}\ 154\qquad\textbf{(D)}\ 140\qquad\textbf{(E)}\ 120 $

An equilateral triangle of side$ 1$ is rotated around its center, yielding another equilareral triangle. Find the area of the intersection of these two triangles.

Let $l, m, n$ be positive integers and $p$ be prime. If $p^{2l-1}m(mn+1)^2 + m^2$ is a perfect square, prove that $m$ is also a perfect square.

Solve the equation \[ 3^x \minus{} 5^y \equal{} z^2.\] in positive integers. [i]Greece[/i]

On the sides $BC$ and $AC$ of the isosceles triangle $ABC$ ($AB = BC$), points $E$ and $D$ are marked, respectively, so that $DE \parallel AB$. On the extendsion of side $CB$ beyond the point $B$, point $K$ was arbitrarily marked. Let $P$ be the intersection point of the lines $AB$ and $KD$. Let $Q$ be the intersection point of the lines $AK$ and $DE$. Prove that $CA$ is the bisector of angle $\angle PCQ$.

A piecewise linear function is defined by \[f(x) = \begin{cases} x & \text{if } x \in [-1, 1) \\ 2 - x & \text{if } x \in [1, 3)\end{cases}\] and $f(x + 4) = f(x)$ for all real numbers $x.$ The graph of $f(x)$ has the sawtooth pattern depicted below. [color=transparent]Diagram from RandomMath.[/color] [center][img width=45]https://i.ibb.co/JW8jH2Dr/image.png[/img][/center] The parabola $x = 34y^2$ intersects the graph of $f(x)$ at finitely many points. The sum of the $y$-coordinates of these intersection points can be expressed in the form $\tfrac{a + b\sqrt c}d,$ where $a, b, c$ and $d$ are positive integers, $a, b,$ and $d$ has greatest common divisor equal to $1,$ and $c$ is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find $a + b + c + d.$

For how many positive integers $n \le 1000$ is $$\left\lfloor \dfrac{998}{n} \right\rfloor+\left\lfloor \dfrac{999}{n} \right\rfloor+\left\lfloor \dfrac{1000}{n}\right \rfloor$$ not divisible by $3$? (Recall that $\lfloor x \rfloor$ is the greatest integer less than or equal to $x$.) $\textbf{(A) } 22 \qquad\textbf{(B) } 23 \qquad\textbf{(C) } 24 \qquad\textbf{(D) } 25 \qquad\textbf{(E) } 26$

How many sigma $(\sigma)$ and pi $(\pi)$ bonds are in a molecule of ethyne (acetylene), $\ce{HCCH}?$ $ \textbf{(A) } 1 \sigma \text{ and } 1 \pi \qquad\textbf{(B) }2 \sigma \text{ and } 1 \pi \qquad\textbf{(C) }2 \sigma \text{ and } 3\pi \qquad\textbf{(D) }3 \sigma \text{ and } 2 \pi\qquad$

A [i]hook[/i] consists of three segments of longitude $1$ forming two right angles as demonstrated in the figure. |_| We have a square of side length $n$ divided into $n^2$ squares of side length $1$ by lines parallel to its sides. Hooks are placed on this square in such a way that each segment of the hook covers one side of a little square. Two segements of a hook cannot overlap. Determine all possible values of n for which it is possible to cover the sides of the $n^2$ small squares.

Is it possible to partition $3$-dimensional Euclidean space into $1979$ mutually isometric subsets?

How many ways are there to color the vertices of a cube red, blue, or green such that no edge connects two vertices of the same color? Rotations and reflections are considered distinct colorings.

A sequence of integers $a_1,a_2,a_3,\ldots$ is called [i]exact[/i] if $a_n^2-a_m^2=a_{n-m}a_{n+m}$ for any $n>m$. Prove that there exists an exact sequence with $a_1=1,a_2=0$ and determine $a_{2007}$.

The smaller angle between the hands of a clock at $ 12: 25$ p.m. is: $ \textbf{(A)}\ 132^\circ 30' \qquad \textbf{(B)}\ 137^\circ 30' \qquad \textbf{(C)}\ 150^\circ \qquad \textbf{(D)}\ 137^\circ 32' \qquad \textbf{(E)}\ 137^\circ$

Prove that among any $1001$ numbers taken from the numbers $1,2,\ldots,1997$ there exist two with the difference $4$.