Olympiad problems

2021 JBMO TST - Turkey, 3

Tags: combinatorics

In a country, there are $28$ cities and between some cities there are two-way flights. In every city there is exactly one airport and this airport is either small or medium or big. For every route which contains more than two cities, doesn't contain a city twice and ends where it begins; has all types of airports. What is the maximum number of flights in this country?

2022 Korea Junior Math Olympiad, 7

Tags: combinatorics

Consider $n$ cards with marked numbers $1$ through $n$. No number have repeted, namely, each number has marked exactly at one card. They are distributed on $n$ boxes so that each box contains exactly one card initially. We want to move all the cards into one box all together according to the following instructions The instruction: Choose an integer $k(1\le k\le n)$, and move a card with number $k$ to the other box such that sum of the number of the card in that box is multiple of $k$. Find all positive integer $n$ so that there exists a way to gather all the cards in one box. Thanks to @scnwust for correcting wrong translation.

2010 Today's Calculation Of Integral, 652

Tags: calculus , integration , calculus computations

Let $a,\ b,\ c$ be positive real numbers such that $b^2>ac.$ Evaluate \[\int_0^{\infty} \frac{dx}{ax^4+2bx^2+c}.\] [i]1981 Tokyo University, Master Course[/i]

2024 Switzerland - Final Round, 8

Tags: geometry

Let $ABCD$ be a cyclic quadrilateral with $\angle BAD < \angle ADC$. Let $M$ be the midpoint of the arc $CD$ not containing $A$. Suppose there is a point $P$ inside $ABCD$ such that $\angle ADB = \angle CPD$ and $\angle ADP = \angle PCB$. Prove that lines $AD, PM$, and $BC$ are concurrent.

2023 ISI Entrance UGB, 7

Tags: algebra , polynomial

(a) Let $n \geq 1$ be an integer. Prove that $X^n+Y^n+Z^n$ can be written as a polynomial with integer coefficients in the variables $\alpha=X+Y+Z$, $\beta= XY+YZ+ZX$ and $\gamma = XYZ$. (b) Let $G_n=x^n \sin(nA)+y^n \sin(nB)+z^n \sin(nC)$, where $x,y,z, A,B,C$ are real numbers such that $A+B+C$ is an integral multiple of $\pi$. Using (a) or otherwise show that if $G_1=G_2=0$, then $G_n=0$ for all positive integers $n$.

2025 CMIMC Team, 3

Tags: team

Let $f(x)=x^4-4x^2+2.$ Find the smallest natural $n \in \mathbb{N}$ such that there exists $k,c \in \mathbb{N}$ with $$\left|f^k\left(\frac{n^2+1}{n}\right)-c^{144}\right| < \frac{1}{100}.$$

India EGMO 2022 TST, 5

Tags: angle chasing , incenter , excenter , inversion , geometry , tangent circle

Let $I$ and $I_A$ denote the incentre and excentre opposite to $A$ of scalene $\triangle ABC$ respectively. Let $A'$ be the antipode of $A$ in $\odot (ABC)$ and $L$ be the midpoint of arc $(BAC)$. Let $LB$ and $LC$ intersect $AI$ at points $Y$ and $Z$ respectively. Prove that $\odot (LYZ)$ is tangent to $\odot (A'II_A)$. [i]~Mahavir Gandhi[/i]

2011 Junior Balkan Team Selection Tests - Romania, 2

Tags: chapter 5

Let $A_1A_2A_3A_4A_5$ be a convex pentagon. Suppose rays $A_2A_3$ and $A_5A_4$ meet at the point $X_1$. Define $X_2$, $X_3$, $X_4$, $X_5$ similarly. Prove that $$\displaystyle\prod_{i=1}^{5} X_iA_{i+2} = \displaystyle\prod_{i=1}^{5} X_iA_{i+3}$$ where the indices are taken modulo 5.

2022 CCA Math Bonanza, L5.4

Tags:

Five points are selected within a unit circle at random. Estimate the minimum distance between any pair of points. An estimate $E$ earns $\frac{2}{1+|log_2(A)-log_2(E)|}$ points, where $A$ is the actual answer. [i]2022 CCA Math Bonanza Lightning Round 5.4[/i]

1971 Polish MO Finals, 3

Tags: combinatorics

A safe is protected with a number of locks. Eleven members of the committee have keys for some of the locks. What is the smallest number of locks necessary so that every six members of the committee can open the safe, but no five members can do it? How should the keys be distributed among the committee members if the number of locks is the smallest?

2014 CentroAmerican, 1

Tags: prime number , number theory

A positive integer is called [i]tico[/i] if it is the product of three different prime numbers that add up to 74. Verify that 2014 is tico. Which year will be the next tico year? Which one will be the last tico year in history?

1995 IMO Shortlist, 6

Tags: geometry , 3d geometry , tetrahedron , geometric inequality , sphere

Let $ A_1A_2A_3A_4$ be a tetrahedron, $ G$ its centroid, and $ A'_1, A'_2, A'_3,$ and $ A'_4$ the points where the circumsphere of $ A_1A_2A_3A_4$ intersects $ GA_1,GA_2,GA_3,$ and $ GA_4,$ respectively. Prove that \[ GA_1 \cdot GA_2 \cdot GA_3 \cdot GA_ \cdot4 \leq GA'_1 \cdot GA'_2 \cdot GA'_3 \cdot GA'_4\] and \[ \frac{1}{GA'_1} \plus{} \frac{1}{GA'_2} \plus{} \frac{1}{GA'_3} \plus{} \frac{1}{GA'_4} \leq \frac{1}{GA_1} \plus{} \frac{1}{GA_2} \plus{} \frac{1}{GA_3} \plus{} \frac{1}{GA_4}.\]

2014 HMNT, 5

Tags: hmmt , number theory

Mark and William are playing a game with a stored value. On his turn, a player may either multiply the stored value by $2$ and add $1$ or he may multiply the stored value by $4$ and add $3$. The first player to make the stored value exceed $2^{100}$ wins. The stored value starts at $1$ and Mark goes first. Assuming both players play optimally, what is the maximum number of times that William can make a move? (By optimal play, we mean that on any turn the player selects the move which leads to the best possible outcome given that the opponent is also playing optimally. If both moves lead to the same outcome, the player selects one of them arbitrarily.)

2014 NIMO Problems, 1

Tags: function , geometry , 3d geometry , modular arithmetic , number theory , prime factorization , logarithm

Let $\eta(m)$ be the product of all positive integers that divide $m$, including $1$ and $m$. If $\eta(\eta(\eta(10))) = 10^n$, compute $n$. [i]Proposed by Kevin Sun[/i]

1998 Denmark MO - Mohr Contest, 1

Tags: geometry , circles , equal circles , tangent circle

In the figure shown, the small circles have radius $1$. Calculate the area of the gray part of the figure. [img]https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-oy-WirJ6u9o/XzcFc3roVDI/AAAAAAAAMX8/qxNy5I_0RWUOxl-ZE52fnrwo0v0T7If9QCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/1998%2BMohr%2Bp1.png[/img]

2008 Rioplatense Mathematical Olympiad, Level 3, 1

Tags: modular arithmetic , parameterization , number theory

Can the positive integers be partitioned into $12$ subsets such that for each positive integer $k$, the numbers $k, 2k,\ldots,12k$ belong to different subsets?

2006 MOP Homework, 5

Tags: geometry

Show that among the vertices of any area $1$ convex polygon with $n > 3$ sides there exist four such that the quadrilateral formed by these four has area at least $1/2$.

2021 Philippine MO, 5

Tags: number theory , algebra

A positive integer is called $\emph{lucky}$ if it is divisible by $7$, and the sum of its digits is also divisible by $7$. Fix a positive integer $n$. Show that there exists some lucky integer $l$ such that $\left|n - l\right| \leq 70$.

2025 NCMO, 2

Tags: geometry

In pentagon $ABCDE$, the altitudes of triangle $ABE$ meet at point $H$. Suppose that $BCDE$ is a rectangle, and that $B$, $C$, $D$, $E$, and $H$ lie on a single circle. Prove that triangles $ABE$ and $HCD$ are congruent. [i]Alan Cheng[/i]

2021 Latvia TST, 2.2

Tags: number theory

For each prime $p$, construct a graph $G_p$ on $\{1,2,\ldots p\}$, where $m\neq n$ are adjacent if and only if $p$ divides $(m^{2} + 1-n)(n^{2} + 1-m)$. Prove that $G_p$ is disconnected for infinitely many $p$

2019 Durer Math Competition Finals, 8

Tags: combinatorics

A chess piece is placed on one of the squares of an $8\times 8$ chessboard where it begins a tour of the board: it moves from square to square, only moving horizontally or vertically. It visits every square precisely once, and ends up exactly where it started. What is the maximum number of times the piece can change direction along its tour?

2007 Moldova Team Selection Test, 4

Tags: perimeter , geometry

Consider a convex polygon $A_{1}A_{2}\ldots A_{n}$ and a point $M$ inside it. The lines $A_{i}M$ intersect the perimeter of the polygon second time in the points $B_{i}$. The polygon is called balanced if all sides of the polygon contain exactly one of points $B_{i}$ (strictly inside). Find all balanced polygons. [Note: The problem originally asked for which $n$ all convex polygons of $n$ sides are balanced. A misunderstanding made this version of the problem appear at the contest]

2017 Saudi Arabia IMO TST, 1

Tags: geometry , circumcircle , reflection , orthocenter , right angle

Let $ABC$ be a triangle inscribed in circle $(O),$ with its altitudes $BE, CF$ intersect at orthocenter $H$ ($E \in AC, F \in AB$). Let $M$ be the midpoint of $BC, K$ be the orthogonal projection of $H$ on $AM$. $EF$ intersects $BC$ at $P$. Let $Q$ be the intersection of tangent of $(O)$ which passes through $A$ with $BC, T$ be the reflection of $Q$ through $P$. Prove that $\angle OKT = 90^o$.

2005 Italy TST, 2

Tags: inradius , inequalities , rearrangement inequality , geometry

$(a)$ Prove that in a triangle the sum of the distances from the centroid to the sides is not less than three times the inradius, and find the cases of equality. $(b)$ Determine the points in a triangle that minimize the sum of the distances to the sides.

2021 AMC 10 Fall, 9

Tags:

The knights in a certain kingdom come in two colors. $\frac{2}{7}$ of them are red, and the rest are blue. Furthermore, $\frac{1}{6}$ of the knights are magical, and the fraction of red knights who are magical is $2$ times the fraction of blue knights who are magical. What fraction of red knights are magical? $\textbf{(A) }\frac{2}{9}\qquad\textbf{(B) }\frac{3}{13}\qquad\textbf{(C) }\frac{7}{27}\qquad\textbf{(D) }\frac{2}{7}\qquad\textbf{(E) }\frac{1}{3}$