4. Let $a$, $p$ and $q$ be positive integers with $p \le q$. Prove that if one of the numbers $a^p$ and $a^q$ is divisible by $p$ , then the other number must also be divisible by $p$ .

Let $a_1, a_2,...$ a sequence of real numbers. For each positive integer $n$, we denote $m_n =\frac{a_1 + a_2 +... + a_n}{n}$. It is known that there exists a real number $c$ such that for any different positive integers $i, j, k$: $(i - j) m_k + (j - k) m_i + (k - i) m_j = c$. Prove that the sequence $a_1, a_2,..$ is arithmetic

Find all primes that can be written both as a sum of two primes and as a difference of two primes.

The cells of an $n\times n$ board with $n\ge 5$ are coloured black or white so that no three adjacent squares in a row, column or diagonal are the same colour. Show that for any $3\times 3$ square within the board, two of its corner squares are coloured black and two are coloured white.

Assume that $\triangle ABC$ is acute. Let $a=BC, b=CA, c=AB$. a) Denote $H$ by the orthocenter of $\triangle ABC$. Prove that:$$a.\frac{{\overrightarrow {HA} }}{{HA}} + b.\frac{{\overrightarrow {HB} }}{{HB}} + c.\frac{{\overrightarrow {HC} }}{{HC}} = \overrightarrow 0 .$$ b) Consider a point $P$ lying on the plane. Prove that the sum:$$aPa+bPB+cPC$$ get its minimum value iff $P\equiv H$.

Prove that every positive $a$ and $b$ satisfy inequality $$\frac{(a+b)^2}{2} + \frac{a+b}{4} \ge a\sqrt b + b\sqrt a$$

Let us choose arbitrarily $n$ vertices of a regular $2n$-gon and color them red. The remaining vertices are colored blue. We arrange all red-red distances into a non-decreasing sequence and do the same with the blue-blue distances. Prove that the sequences are equal.

Let $S$ be a nonempty set of primes satisfying the property that for each proper subset $P$ of $S$, all the prime factors of the number $\left(\prod_{p\in P}p\right)-1$ are also in $S$. Determine all possible such sets $S$.

The line that is tangent to the circle $x^2+y^2=25$ at the point $\left(3,4\right)$ intersects the $x$-axis at $\left(k,0\right)$. What is $k$? $\text{(A) }\frac{25}{4}\qquad\text{(B) }\frac{19}{3}\qquad\text{(C) }25\qquad\text{(D) }\frac{25}{3}\qquad\text{(E) }-\frac{7}{3}$

In cyclic quadrilateral $ABCD$, $AB= AD$. If $AC = 6$ and $\frac{AB}{BD} =\frac35$ , find the maximum possible area of $ABCD$.

The infinite sequence $a_0,a _1, a_2, \dots$ of (not necessarily distinct) integers has the following properties: $0\le a_i \le i$ for all integers $i\ge 0$, and \[\binom{k}{a_0} + \binom{k}{a_1} + \dots + \binom{k}{a_k} = 2^k\] for all integers $k\ge 0$. Prove that all integers $N\ge 0$ occur in the sequence (that is, for all $N\ge 0$, there exists $i\ge 0$ with $a_i=N$).

In a game, two players control an adventurer in a dungeon. The adventurer starts with $H{}$ hit points, an integer greater than one. The dungeon consists of several chambers. There are some passageways in the dungeon, each leading from a chamber to a chamber. These passageways are one-way, and a passageway may return to its starting chamber. Every chamber can be exited through at least one passageway. There are 5 types of chambers: [list] [*]Entrance: the adventurer starts here, no passageway comes in here; [*]Hollow: nothing happens; [*]Spike: the adventurer loses a hit point; [*]Trap: the adventurer gets shot by an arrow; [*]Catacomb: the adventurer loses hit points equal to the total number of times they have been hit by an arrow. [/list] The two players control the adventurer alternatively. At a turn, a player can move him through one passageway. A player loses if the adventurer’s hit points fall below zero due to their action (at 0 hit points, the character is alive). Construct a dungeon map, which has at most 20 chambers in total and exactly one entrance, with the following condition: the first player has a winning strategy if $H{}$ is a prime, and the second player has a winning strategy if $H{}$ is composite. [i]Note: If the game doesn’t end after a finite number of moves, neither player wins.[/i]

A $9\times 1$ rectangle is divided into unit squares. A broken line, from the lower left to the upper right corner, goes through all $20$ vertices of the unit squares and consists of $19$ line segments. How many such lines are there?

Find all real values $x$ that satisfy the following equation: $$\frac{\sin 3x cos \left(\frac{\pi}{3}-4x \right)+ 1}{\sin \left(\frac{\pi}{3}-7x \right) - cos\left(\frac{\pi}{6}+x \right)+m}= 0$$ where $m$ is a given real number.

Parallelogram $ABCD$ has $AB=CD=6$ and $BC=AD=10$, where $\angle ABC$ is obtuse. The circumcircle of $\triangle ABD$ intersects $BC$ at $E$ such that $CE=4$. Compute $BD$.

Find all real-valued functions $f$ defined on pairs of real numbers, having the following property: for all real numbers $a, b, c$, the median of $f(a,b), f(b,c), f(c,a)$ equals the median of $a, b, c$. (The [i]median[/i] of three real numbers, not necessarily distinct, is the number that is in the middle when the three numbers are arranged in nondecreasing order.)

Let $ ABC$ be a triangle where $ \angle ACB\equal{}90^{\circ}$. Let $ D$ be the midpoint of $ BC$ and let $ E$, and $ F$ be points on $ AC$ such that $ CF\equal{}FE\equal{}EA$. The altitude from $ C$ to the hypotenuse $ AB$ is $ CG$, and the circumcentre of triangle $ AEG$ is $ H$. Prove that the triangles $ ABC$ and $ HDF$ are similar.

The quadrilateral $ ABCD$ inscribed in a circle wich has diameter $ BD$. Let $ A',B'$ are symmetric to $ A,B$ with respect to the line $ BD$ and $ AC$ respectively. If $ A'C \cap BD \equal{} P$ and $ AC\cap B'D \equal{} Q$ then prove that $ PQ \perp AC$

Tom has a collection of $13$ snakes, $4$ of which are purple and $5$ of which are happy. He observes that $\bullet$ all of his happy snakes can add $\bullet$ none of his purple snakes can subtract, and $\bullet$ all of his snakes that can’t subtract also can’t add Which of these conclusions can be drawn about Tom’s snakes? $\textbf{(A)}$ Purple snakes can add. $\textbf{(B)}$ Purple snakes are happy. $\textbf{(C)}$ Snakes that can add are purple. $\textbf{(D)}$ Happy snakes are not purple. $\textbf{(E)}$ Happy snakes can't subtract.

Let $ ABCD$ be a trapezoid with parallel sides $ AB > CD$. Points $ K$ and $ L$ lie on the line segments $ AB$ and $ CD$, respectively, so that $AK/KB=DL/LC$. Suppose that there are points $ P$ and $ Q$ on the line segment $ KL$ satisfying \[\angle{APB} \equal{} \angle{BCD}\qquad\text{and}\qquad \angle{CQD} \equal{} \angle{ABC}.\] Prove that the points $ P$, $ Q$, $ B$ and $ C$ are concyclic. [i]Proposed by Vyacheslev Yasinskiy, Ukraine[/i]

Somewhere in the universe, $n$ students are taking a $10$-question math competition. Their collective performance is called [i]laughable[/i] if, for some pair of questions, there exist $57$ students such that either all of them answered both questions correctly or none of them answered both questions correctly. Compute the smallest $n$ such that the performance is necessarily laughable.

The circle $C_1$ and the circle $C_2$ passing through the center of $C_1$ intersect each other at $A$ and $B$. The line tangent to $C_2$ at $B$ meets $C_1$ at $B$ and $D$. If the radius of $C_1$ is $\sqrt 3$ and the radius of $C_2$ is $2$, find $\dfrac{|AB|}{|BD|}$. $ \textbf{(A)}\ \dfrac 12 \qquad\textbf{(B)}\ \dfrac {\sqrt 3}2 \qquad\textbf{(C)}\ \dfrac {2\sqrt 3}2 \qquad\textbf{(D)}\ 1 \qquad\textbf{(E)}\ \dfrac {\sqrt 5}2 $

Given triangle $ABC$. Find the locus of points $M$ such that there is a rotation with center at $M$ that takes $C$ to a certain point on side $AB$.

From a square board $11$ squares long and $11$ squares wide, the central square is removed. Prove that the remaining $120$ squares cannot be covered by $15$ strips each $8$ units long and one unit wide.

Prove that there exist subfields of $\mathbb R$ that are a) non-measurable and b) of measure zero and continuum cardinality. (translated by Miklós Maróti)