Olympiad problems

2018 Harvard-MIT Mathematics Tournament, 8

Tags:

For how many pairs of sequences of nonnegative integers $(b_1,b_2,\ldots, b_{2018})$ and $(c_1,c_2,\ldots, c_{2018})$ does there exist a sequence of nonnegative integers $(a_0,\ldots, a_{2018})$ with the following properties: [list] [*] For $0\leq i\leq 2018,$ $a_i<2^{2018}.$ [*] For $1\leq i \leq 2018, b_i=a_{i-1}+a_i$ and $c_i=a_{i-1}|a_i$; [/list] where $|$ denotes the bitwise or operation?

2011 AMC 10, 8

Tags: percent

Last summer $30\%$ of the birds living on Town Lake were geese, $25\%$ were swans, $10\%$ were herons, and $35\%$ were ducks. What percent of the birds that were not swans were geese? $ \textbf{(A)}\ 20 \qquad\textbf{(B)}\ 30 \qquad\textbf{(C)}\ 40\qquad\textbf{(D)}\ 50\qquad\textbf{(E)}\ 60 $

II Soros Olympiad 1995 - 96 (Russia), 10.9

Tags: newton line , cyclic quadrilateral , geometry

The opposite sides of a quadrilateral inscribed in a circle intersect at points $K$ and $L$. Let $F$ be the midpoint of $KL$, $E$ and $G$ be the midpoints of the diagonals of the given quadrilateral. It is known that $FE = a$, $FG = b$. Calculate $KL$ in terms of $a$ and $b.$ (It is known that the points $F$, $E$ and $G$ lie on the same straight line. This is true for any quadrilateral, not necessarily inscribed. The indicated straight line is sometimes called the Newton−Gauss line. This fact can be used without proof in proving the problem, as it is known).

2021 MOAA, 9

Tags: speed

Triangle $\triangle ABC$ has $\angle{A}=90^\circ$ with $BC=12$. Square $BCDE$ is drawn such that $A$ is in its interior. The line through $A$ tangent to the circumcircle of $\triangle ABC$ intersects $CD$ and $BE$ at $P$ and $Q$, respectively. If $PA=4\cdot QA$, and the area of $\triangle ABC$ can be expressed as $\frac{m}{n}$ for relatively prime positive integers $m$ and $n$, then compute $m+n$. [i]Proposed by Andy Xu[/i]

2006 Kazakhstan National Olympiad, 5

Tags: trigonometry , inequalities , trigonometric inequality

Prove that for every $ x $ such that $ \sin x \neq 0 $, exists natural $ n $ such that $ | \sin nx | \geq \frac {\sqrt {3}} {2} $.

2007 Junior Macedonian Mathematical Olympiad, 3

Tags: algebra , inequality

Let $a$, $b$, $c$ be real numbers such that $0 < a \le b \le c$. Prove that $(a + 3b)(b + 4c)(c + 2a) \ge 60abc$. When does equality hold?

2013 Kazakhstan National Olympiad, 3

Tags: geometry , rectangle , combinatorics

How many non-intersecting pairs of paths we have from (0,0) to (n,n) so that path can move two ways:top or right?

2010 NZMOC Camp Selection Problems, 5

Tags: ratio , geometry , equal segments , equal angles

The diagonals of quadrilateral $ABCD$ intersect in point $E$. Given that $|AB| =|CE|$, $|BE| = |AD|$, and $\angle AED = \angle BAD$, determine the ratio $|BC|:|AD|$.

1976 IMO Shortlist, 12

Tags: algebra , polynomial , additive combinatorics , counting , combinatorics

The polynomial $1976(x+x^2+ \cdots +x^n)$ is decomposed into a sum of polynomials of the form $a_1x + a_2x^2 + \cdots + a_nx^n$, where $a_1, a_2, \ldots , a_n$ are distinct positive integers not greater than $n$. Find all values of $n$ for which such a decomposition is possible.

Champions Tournament Seniors - geometry, 2011.4

Tags: 3d geometry , volume , pyramid , geometry

The height $SO$ of a regular quadrangular pyramid $SABCD$ forms an angle $60^o$ with a side edge , the volume of this pyramid is equal to $18$ cm$^3$ . The vertex of the second regular quadrangular pyramid is at point $S$, the center of the base is at point $C$, and one of the vertices of the base lies on the line $SO$. Find the volume of the common part of these pyramids. (The common part of the pyramids is the set of all such points in space that lie inside or on the surface of both pyramids).

2007 IMO Shortlist, 7

Tags: algebra , 3d geometry , nullstellensatz

Let $ n$ be a positive integer. Consider \[ S \equal{} \left\{ (x,y,z) \mid x,y,z \in \{ 0, 1, \ldots, n\}, x \plus{} y \plus{} z > 0 \right \} \] as a set of $ (n \plus{} 1)^{3} \minus{} 1$ points in the three-dimensional space. Determine the smallest possible number of planes, the union of which contains $ S$ but does not include $ (0,0,0)$. [i]Author: Gerhard Wöginger, Netherlands [/i]

2013 BMT Spring, 5

Tags: polynomial , algebra

Consider the roots of the polynomial $x^{2013}-2^{2013}=0$. Some of these roots also satisfy $x^k-2^k=0$, for some integer $k<2013$. What is the product of this subset of roots?

Russian TST 2021, P3

Tags: combinatorics , graph theory

Given a natural number $n\geqslant 2$, find the smallest possible number of edges in a graph that has the following property: for any coloring of the vertices of the graph in $n{}$ colors, there is a vertex that has at least two neighbors of the same color as itself.

2024 HMNT, 4

Tags:

Compute the number of ways to pick a three-element subset of $$\{10^1+1, 10^2+1, 10^3+1, 10^4+1, 10^5+1, 10^6+1, 10^7+1\}$$ such that the product of the $3$ numbers in the subset has no digits besides $0$ and $1$ when written in base $10.$

2017 Yasinsky Geometry Olympiad, 3

Tags: geometry , angle bisector

The two sides of the triangle are $10$ and $15$. Prove that the length of the bisector of the angle between them is less than $12$.

2018 USAJMO, 2

Tags: inequality , homogenous

Let $a,b,c$ be positive real numbers such that $a+b+c=4\sqrt[3]{abc}$. Prove that \[2(ab+bc+ca)+4\min(a^2,b^2,c^2)\ge a^2+b^2+c^2.\]

2016 Peru Cono Sur TST, P3

Tags: combinatorics

Ten students are seated around a circular table. The teacher has a list of fifteen problems and each student is given six problems, in such a way that each problem is given exactly four times and any two students they have at most three problems in common. Prove that no matter how the teacher distributes the problems, there will always be two students sitting next to each other who have at least one problem in common.

2001 India National Olympiad, 6

Tags: function , algebra

Find all functions $f : \mathbb{R} \to\mathbb{R}$ such that $f(x +y) = f(x) f(y) f(xy)$ for all $x, y \in \mathbb{R}.$

1999 Romania National Olympiad, 3

Tags: real analysis , mean value theorem

Let $a,b \in \mathbb{R},$ $a<b$ and $f,g:[a,b] \to \mathbb{R}$ two differentiable functions with increasing derivatives and $f'(a)>0,$ $g'(a)>0.$ Prove that there exists $c \in [a,b]$ such that $$\frac{f(b)-f(a)}{b-a} \cdot \frac{g(b)-g(a)}{b-a}=f'(c)g'(c).$$

2010 Czech-Polish-Slovak Match, 3

Tags: parallelogram , geometric transformation , reflection , inequalities , triangle inequality , geometry

Let $ABCD$ be a convex quadrilateral for which \[ AB+CD=\sqrt{2}\cdot AC\qquad\text{and}\qquad BC+DA=\sqrt{2}\cdot BD.\] Prove that $ABCD$ is a parallelogram.

2023 Bulgaria JBMO TST, 1

Tags: algebra , system of equations , algebraic manipulations

Determine all triples $(x,y,z)$ of real numbers such that $x^4 + y^3z = zx$, $y^4 + z^3x = xy$ and $z^4 + x^3y = yz$.

1984 IMO Longlists, 60

Tags: algebra , logarithm , inequalities

Determine all pairs $(a, b)$ of positive real numbers with $a \neq 1$ such that \[\log_a b < \log_{a+1} (b + 1).\]

KoMaL A Problems 2019/2020, A. 759

Tags: combinatorics , permutation , expected value

We choose a random permutation of $1,2,\ldots,n$ with uniform distribution. Prove that the expected value of the length of the longest increasing subsequence in the permutation is at least $\sqrt{n}.$

2005 Miklós Schweitzer, 6

Tags: linear algebra , matrix , inequalities

$SU_2(\mathbb{C})=\left\{\begin{pmatrix} z & w \\ -\bar{w} & \bar{z} \end{pmatrix} : z,w\in\mathbb{C} , z\bar{z}+w\bar{w}=1\right\}$ A and B are 2 elements of the above matrix group and have eigenvalues $e^{i\theta_1}$ , $e^{-i\theta_1}$ and $e^{i\theta_2}$ , $e^{-i\theta_2}$respectively, where $0\leq\theta_i\leq\pi$ . Prove that if AB has eigenvalue $e^{i\theta_3}$ , then $\theta_3$ satisfies the inequality $|\theta_1-\theta_2|\leq\theta_3\leq \min\{\theta_1+\theta_2 , 2\pi-(\theta_1+\theta_2)\}$

2007 Iran Team Selection Test, 3

Tags: geometry , incenter , geometric transformation , homothety , trapezoid , analytic geometry , reflection

Let $\omega$ be incircle of $ABC$. $P$ and $Q$ are on $AB$ and $AC$, such that $PQ$ is parallel to $BC$ and is tangent to $\omega$. $AB,AC$ touch $\omega$ at $F,E$. Prove that if $M$ is midpoint of $PQ$, and $T$ is intersection point of $EF$ and $BC$, then $TM$ is tangent to $\omega$. [i]By Ali Khezeli[/i]