Let $d(n)$ denote the number of divisors of $n$ (including itself). You are given that \[\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{n^2} = \frac{\pi^2}{6}.\] Find $p(6)$, where $p(x)$ is the unique polynomial with rational coefficients satisfying \[p(\pi) = \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{d(n)}{n^2}.\]

For three arbitrary crossroads $A,B,C$ in a certain city there exist a way from $A$ to $B$ not coming through $C$. Prove that for every couple of the crossroads there exist at least two non-intersecting ways connecting them. (there are at least two crossroads in the city)

The sides of a $10$ by $10$ square $ABCD$ are reflective on the inside. A beam of light enters the square via the vertex $A$ and heads to the point $P$ on $CD$ with $CP = 3$ and $PD = 7$. In $P$ it naturally reflects on the $CD$ side. The light beam can only leave the square via one of the angular points $A, B, C$ or $D$. What is the distance that the light beam travels within the square before it leaves the square again? By which vertex does that happen?

Given a triangle with acute angle $ \angle BEC,$ let $ E$ be the midpoint of $ AB.$ Point $ M$ is chosen on the opposite ray of $ EC$ such that $ \angle BME \equal{} \angle ECA.$ Denote by $ \theta$ the measure of angle $ \angle BEC.$ Evaluate $ \frac{MC}{AB}$ in terms of $ \theta.$

Different points $A,B,C,D,E,F$ lie on circle $k$ in this order. The tangents to $k$ in the points $A$ and $D$ and the lines $BF$ and $CE$ have a common point $P$. Prove that the lines $AD,BC$ and $EF$ also have a common point or are parallel.

Let $M$ be a convex polygon. Externally, on its sides are built squares. It is known that the vertices of these squares, that don’t lie on $M$, lie on a circle $k$. Determine $M$ (its type).

Find all prime numbers $p$ and $q$ such that $p + q = (p -q)^3.$

Decide whether there is a member in the arithmetic sequence $\{a_n\}_{n=1}^\infty$ whose first member is $a_1=1998$ and the common difference $d=131$ which is a palindrome (palindrome is a number such that its decimal expansion is symmetric, e.g., $7$, $33$, $433334$, $2135312$ and so on).

We have $n{}$ coins, one of which is fake, which differs in weight from the real ones and a two-pan scale which works correctly if the weights on the pans are different, but can show any outcome if the weights on the pans are equal. For what $n{}$ can we determine which coin is fake and whether it is lighter or heavier than the real coins, in at most $k{}$ weightings? [i]Proposed by A. Zaslavsky[/i]

Let $a, b, c$ be real numbers such that $a+b+c=abc$. Prove that $\frac{1}{a^2+1}+\frac{1}{b^2+1}+\frac{1}{c^2+1}\ge \frac{3}{4}$.

Are there any sequences of positive integers $ 1 \leq a_{1} < a_{2} < a_{3} < \ldots$ such that for each integer $ n$, the set $ \left\{a_{k} \plus{} n\ |\ k \equal{} 1, 2, 3, \ldots\right\}$ contains finitely many prime numbers?

Find all functions $f:\mathbb{R}\mapsto \mathbb{R}$ satisfy: $$f(x^2)+f(xy)=f(x)f(y)+yf(x)+xf(x+y)$$ for all real numbers $x,y$.

An ordered quadruple $(y_1,y_2,y_3,y_4)$ is $\textbf{quadratic}$ if there exist real numbers $a$, $b$, and $c$ such that \[y_n=an^2+bn+c\] for $n=1,2,3,4$. Prove that if $16$ numbers are placed in a $4\times 4$ grid such that all four rows are quadratic and the first three columns are also quadratic then the fourth column must also be quadratic. [i](We say that a row is quadratic if its entries, in order, are quadratic. We say the same for a column.)[/i] [asy] size(100); defaultpen(linewidth(0.8)); for(int i=0;i<=4;i=i+1) draw((i,0)--(i,4)); for(int i=0;i<=4;i=i+1) draw((0,i)--(4,i)); [/asy]

An empire has a finite number of cities. Every two cities are connected by a natural number of roads . Every street connects exactly two cities. Show that you have the kingdom can be divided into a maximum of three republics so that within each republic there are just many streets run away. (We say a road runs within a republic if the two cities that it connects, both belonging to this republic. The republics must meet each other be disjoint, and cover all cities of the empire in total.) [hide=original wording in German]Ein Reich hat endlich viele St¨adte. Je zwei St¨adte sind durch eine natu¨rliche Anzahl von Straßen verbunden. Jede Straße verbindet genau zwei St¨adte. Man zeige, dass man das Reich so in h¨ochstens drei Republiken zerteilen kann, dass innerhalb jeder Republik gerade viele Straßen verlaufen. (Wir sagen, eine Straße verl¨auft innerhalb einer Republik, wenn die zwei St¨adte, die sie verbindet, beide dieser Republik angeh¨oren. Die Republiken mu¨ssen zueinander disjunkt sein, und insgesamt alle St¨adte des Reiches abdecken.)[/hide]

David, when submitting a problem for CMIMC, wrote his answer as $100\tfrac xy$, where $x$ and $y$ are two positive integers with $x<y$. Andrew interpreted the expression as a product of two rational numbers, while Patrick interpreted the answer as a mixed fraction. In this case, Patrick's number was exactly double Andrew's! What is the smallest possible value of $x+y$?

Kevin has a square piece of paper with creases drawn to split the paper in half in both directions, and then each of the four small formed squares diagonal creases drawn, as shown below. [img]https://cdn.artofproblemsolving.com/attachments/2/2/70d6c54e86856af3a977265a8054fd9b0444b0.png[/img] Find the sum of the corresponding numerical values of figures below that Kevin can create by folding the above piece of paper along the creases. (The figures are to scale.) Kevin cannot cut the paper or rip it in any way. [img]https://cdn.artofproblemsolving.com/attachments/a/c/e0e62a743c00d35b9e6e2f702106016b9e7872.png[/img]

Let $n \ge 3$ be an integer. On a circle, there are $n$ points. Each of them is labelled with a real number at most $1$ such that each number is the absolute value of the difference of the two numbers immediately preceding it in clockwise order. Determine the maximal possible value of the sum of all numbers as a function of $n$. (Walther Janous)

Given semicircle $(c)$ with diameter $AB$ and center $O$. On the $(c)$ we take point $C$ such that the tangent at the $C$ intersects the line $AB$ at the point $E$. The perpendicular line from $C$ to $AB$ intersects the diameter $AB$ at the point $D$. On the $(c)$ we get the points $H,Z$ such that $CD = CH = CZ$. The line $HZ$ intersects the lines $CO,CD,AB$ at the points $S, I, K$ respectively and the parallel line from $I$ to the line $AB$ intersects the lines $CO,CK$ at the points $L,M$ respectively. We consider the circumcircle $(k)$ of the triangle $LMD$, which intersects again the lines $AB, CK$ at the points $P, U$ respectively. Let $(e_1), (e_2), (e_3)$ be the tangents of the $(k)$ at the points $L, M, P$ respectively and $R = (e_1) \cap (e_2)$, $X = (e_2) \cap (e_3)$, $T = (e_1) \cap (e_3)$. Prove that if $Q$ is the center of $(k)$, then the lines $RD, TU, XS$ pass through the same point, which lies in the line $IQ$.

Let $ABC$ be a triangle with two isogonal points $ P$ and $Q$ . Let $D, E$ be the projection of $P$ on $AB$, $AC$. $G$ is the projection of $Q$ on $BC$. $U$ is the projection of $G$ on $DE$, $ L$ is the projection of $P$ on $AQ$, $K$ is the symmetric of $L$ wrt $UG$. Prove that $UK$ passes through a fixed point when $P$ and $Q$ vary.

For real number $x$ let $\lfloor x\rfloor$ be the greatest integer less than or equal to $x$, and define $\{x\}=x-\lfloor x\rfloor$ to be the fractional part of $x$. For example, $\{3\}=0$ and $\{4.56\}=0.56$. Define $f(x)=x\{x\}$, and let $N$ be the number of real-valued solutions to the equation $f(f(f(x)))=17$ for $0\leq x\leq 2020$. Find the remainder when $N$ is divided by $1000$.

A square with side length $2$ cm is placed next to a square with side length $6$ cm, as shown in the diagram. Find the shaded area, in cm$^2$. [img]https://cdn.artofproblemsolving.com/attachments/5/7/ceb4912a6e73ca751113b2b5c92cbfdbb6e0d1.png[/img]

For what positive integer $k$ is $\binom{100}{k} \binom{200}{k}$ maximal?

The quadrilateral $ABCD$ is inscribed in the circle $o$. Bisectors of angles $DAB$ and $ABC$ intersect at point $P$, and bisectors of angles $BCD$ and $CDA$ intersect in point $Q$. Point $M$ is the center of this arc $BC$ of the circle $o$ which does not contain points $D$ and $A$. Point $N$ is the center of the arc $DA$ of the circle $o$, which does not contain points $B$ and $C$. Prove that the points $P$ and $Q$ lie on the line perpendicular to $MN$.

Find all prime numbers $p$ such that $5^p + 12^p$ is a perfect square

Let $A$ be a set of seven positive numbers. Determine the maximal number of triples $(x, y, z)$ of elements of $A$ satisfying $x < y$ and $x + y = z$.