What is the value of the improper integral $ \int_0 ^ {\pi} \log (\sin (x)) dx$?

Find all 4-tuples $(a,b,c,n)$ of naturals such that $n^a + n^b = n^c$

Do there exist a rectangle that can be partitioned into a regular hexagon with side length $1$, and several right triangles with side lengths $1, \sqrt3 , 2$?

Anna and Lisa go for a bike ride. Anna's bike breaks down $30$ kilometers before their final destination. The two decide to complete the ride with Lisa's bike as follows: At the beginning, Anna is riding a bike and Lisa leaves. At some point, Anna gets off the bike, parks it on the side of the road and continues by foot. When Lisa gets to the bike, she takes it and rides until she catches up with Anna. After that, they repeat the same procedure. We don't know how many times the procedure is repeated, but they arrive at the final goal at the same time. Anna walks at a speed of $4$ km/h and cycles at a speed of $15$ km/h. Lisa walks at $5$ km/h and cycles with $20$ km/h. How long does it take them to cover the last $30$ km of the road? (Neglect the time it takes to park, lock, unlock the bike, etc.)

Find the number of positive integers less than 101 that [i]can not [/i] be written as the difference of two squares of integers.

Let $\{\omega_1,\omega_2,\cdots,\omega_{100}\}$ be the roots of $\frac{x^{101}-1}{x-1}$ (in some order). Consider the set $$S=\{\omega_1^1,\omega_2^2,\omega_3^3,\cdots,\omega_{100}^{100}\}.$$ Let $M$ be the maximum possible number of unique values in $S,$ and let $N$ be the minimum possible number of unique values in $S.$ Find $M-N.$

Find the sum of $1\cdot 1!+2\cdot 2!+3\cdot 3!+\cdots+(n-1)(n-1)!+n\cdot n!$, where $n!=n(n-1)(n-2)\cdots2\cdot1$.

A subset $W$ of the set of real numbers is called a ring if it contains $1$ and if for all $a,b\in W$, the numbers $a-b$ and $ab$ are also in $W$. Let $S=\left\{\frac m{2^n}|m,n\in\mathbb Z\right\}$ and $T=\left\{\frac pq|p,q\in\mathbb Z,q\text{ odd}\right\}$. Then $\textbf{(A)}~\text{neither }S\text{ nor }T\text{ is a ring}$ $\textbf{(B)}~S\text{ is a ring, }T\text{ is not a ring}$ $\textbf{(C)}~T\text{ is a ring, }S\text{ is not a ring}$ $\textbf{(D)}~\text{both }S\text{ and }T\text{ are rings}$

Solve the system of equations: $ \begin{matrix} |x+y| + |1-x| = 6 \\ |x+y+1| + |1-y| = 4. \end{matrix} $

We say that a finite set $\mathcal{S}$ of points in the plane is [i]balanced[/i] if, for any two different points $A$ and $B$ in $\mathcal{S}$, there is a point $C$ in $\mathcal{S}$ such that $AC=BC$. We say that $\mathcal{S}$ is [i]centre-free[/i] if for any three different points $A$, $B$ and $C$ in $\mathcal{S}$, there is no points $P$ in $\mathcal{S}$ such that $PA=PB=PC$. (a) Show that for all integers $n\ge 3$, there exists a balanced set consisting of $n$ points. (b) Determine all integers $n\ge 3$ for which there exists a balanced centre-free set consisting of $n$ points. Proposed by Netherlands

Let $ a_1,a_2,...,a_6$ be real numbers such that: $ a_1 \not \equal{} 0, a_1a_6 \plus{} a_3 \plus{} a_4 \equal{} 2a_2a_5 \ \mathrm{and}\ a_1a_3 \ge a_2^2$ Prove that $ a_4a_6\le a_5^2$. When does equality holds?

Let $ABCD$ be a tetrahedron with $BA \perp AC,DB \perp (BAC)$. Denote by $O$ the midpoint of $AB$, and $K$ the foot of the perpendicular from $O$ to $DC$. Suppose that $AC = BD$. Prove that $\frac{V_{KOAC}}{V_{KOBD}}=\frac{AC}{BD}$ if and only if $2AC \cdot BD = AB^2$.

[b]p1.[/b] Four positive numbers are placed at the vertices of a rectangle. Each number is at least as large as the average of the two numbers at the adjacent vertices. Prove that all four numbers are equal. [b]p2.[/b] The sum $498+499+500+501=1998$ is one way of expressing $1998$ as a sum of consecutive positive integers. Find all ways of expressing $1998$ as a sum of two or more consecutive positive integers. Prove your list is complete. [b]p3.[/b] An infinite strip (two parallel lines and the region between them) has a width of $1$ inch. What is the largest value of $A$ such that every triangle with area $A$ square inches can be placed on this strip? Justify your answer. [b]p4.[/b] A plane divides space into two regions. Two planes that intersect in a line divide space into four regions. Now suppose that twelve planes are given in space so that a) every two of them intersect in a line, b) every three of them intersect in a point, and c) no four of them have a common point. Into how many regions is space divided? Justify your answer. [b]p5.[/b] Five robbers have stolen $1998$ identical gold coins. They agree to the following: The youngest robber proposes a division of the loot. All robbers, including the proposer, vote on the proposal. If at least half the robbers vote yes, then that proposal is accepted. If not, the proposer is sent away with no loot and the next youngest robber makes a new proposal to be voted on by the four remaining robbers, with the same rules as above. This continues until a proposed division is accepted by at least half the remaining robbers. Each robber guards his best interests: He will vote for a proposal if and only if it will give him more coins than he will acquire by rejecting it, and the proposer will keep as many coins for himself as he can. How will the coins be distributed? Explain your reasoning. PS. You should use hide for answers. Collected [url=https://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c5h2760506p24143309]here[/url].

An integer is written in each cell of a board of$ N$ rows and $N + 1$ columns. Prove that some columns (possibly none) can be deleted so that in each row the sum of the numbers left uncrossed out is even.

Show that there exists no function $f:\mathbb {R}\rightarrow \mathbb {R}$ that satisfies $f(f(x))-x^2+x+3=0$ for arbitrary real variable $x$. (Same as KMO 2004 P1)

The Wonder Island Intelligence Service has $16$ spies in Tartu. Each of them watches on some of his colleagues. It is known that if spy $A$ watches on spy $B$, then $B$ does not watch on $A$. Moreover, any $10$ spies can numbered in such a way that the first spy watches on the second, the second watches on the third and so on until the tenth watches on the first. Prove that any $11$ spies can also be numbered is a similar manner.

Prove or disprove: there is at least one straight line normal to the graph of $y=\cosh x$ at a point $(a,\cosh a)$ and also normal to the graph of $y=$ $\sinh x$ at a point $(c,\sinh c).$

There are three different points on the line $ A $, $ B $, $ C $ and a point $ S $ outside this line; perpendicularly drawn at points $ A $, $ B $, $ C $ to the lines $ SA $, $ SB $, $ SC $ intersect at points $ M $, $ N $, $ P $. Prove that the points $ M $, $ N $, $ P $, $ S $ lie on the circle

Can you mark the cube's vertices with the three-digit binary numbers in such a way, that the numbers at all the possible couples of neighbouring vertices differ in at least two digits?

Let $n$ be a positive integer. Show that there are positive real numbers $a_0, a_1, \dots, a_n$ such that for each choice of signs the polynomial $$\pm a_nx^n\pm a_{n-1}x^{n-1} \pm \dots \pm a_1x \pm a_0$$ has $n$ distinct real roots. (Proposed by Stephan Neupert, TUM, München)

A circle of radius 1 is located in a right-angled trihedron and touches all its faces. Find the locus of centers of such circles.

Dima has red and blue felt—tip pens, with one of them he paints rational points on the numerical axis, and with the other - irrational ones. Dima colored $100$ rational and $100$ irrational points, after which he erased the signatures that allowed to find out where the origin was and what the scale was. Sergey has a compass with which he can measure the distance between any two colored points $A$ and $B$, and then mark on the axis a point located at a measured distance from any colored point $C$ (left or right); at the same time, Dima immediately paints it with the appropriate felt-tip pen. How Sergei can find out what color Dima paints rational points and what color he paints irrational ones?

In triangle $ ABC$, $ P$ is the midpoint of side $ BC$. Let $ M\in(AB)$, $ N\in(AC)$ be such that $ MN\parallel BC$ and $ \{Q\}$ be the common point of $ MP$ and $ BN$. The perpendicular from $ Q$ on $ AC$ intersects $ AC$ in $ R$ and the parallel from $ B$ to $ AC$ in $ T$. Prove that: (a) $ TP\parallel MR$; (b) $ \angle MRQ\equal{}\angle PRQ$. [i]Mircea Fianu[/i]

A triangle $ABC$ with $\angle A = 30^\circ$ and $\angle C = 54^\circ$ is given. On $BC$ a point $D$ is chosen such that $ \angle CAD = 12^\circ.$ On $AB$ a point $E$ is chosen such that $\angle ACE = 6^\circ.$ Let $S$ be the point of intersection of $AD$ and $CE.$ Prove that $BS = BC.$

Let $q$ be a positive integer which is not a perfect cube. Prove that there exists a positive constant $C$ such that for all natural numbers $n$, one has $$\{ nq^{\frac{1}{3}} \} + \{ nq^{\frac{2}{3}} \} \geq Cn^{-\frac{1}{2}}$$ where $\{ x \}$ denotes the fractional part of $x$.