A male volcano is in the shape of a hollow cone with the point side up, but with everything above a height of 6 meters removed. The resulting shape has a bottom radius of 10 meters and a top radius of 7 meters, with a height of 6 meters. He sat above his bay, watching all the couples play. His lava grew and grew until he was half full of lava. Then, he erupted, lowering the height of the lava to 2 meters. What fraction of the lava remained in the volcano? [i]Proposed by Matthew Weiss

Find, with proof, the maximal length of a non-constant arithmetic progression with all the terms squares of positive integers.

Let $ABCD$ be a square of side length $1$, and let $E$ and $F$ be points on $BC$ and $DC$ such that $\angle{EAF}=30^\circ$ and $CE=CF$. Determine the length of $BD$. [i]2015 CCA Math Bonanza Lightning Round #4.2[/i]

Prove that for infinitely many pairs $(a,b)$ of integers the equation \[x^{2012} = ax + b\] has among its solutions two distinct real numbers whose product is 1.

Given a rectangular grid with some cells containing one letter, we say a row or column is [i]edible [/i] if it has more than one cell with a letter and all such cells contain the same letter. Given such a grid, the hungry, hungry letter monster repeats the following procedure: he nds all edible rows and all edible columns and simultaneously eats all the letters in those rows and columns, removing those letters from the grid and leaving those cells empty. He continues this until no more edible rows and columns remain. Call a grid a [i]meal [/i] if the letter monster can eat all of its letters using this procedure. In the $7$ by $7$ grid to the right, ll each empty space with one letter so that the grid is a meal and there are a total of eight Us, nine Ss, ten As, eleven Ms, and eleven Ts. Some letters have been given to you. You do not need to prove that your answer is the only one possible; you merely need to find an answer that satisfies the constraints above. (Note: In any other USAMTS problem, you need to provide a full proof. Only in this problem is an answer without justication acceptable.) [img]https://cdn.artofproblemsolving.com/attachments/9/a/d1886720796e4befd9d3ce0cbd2868d1b649d1.png[/img]

Let $f(x)$ is such function, that $f(x)=1$ for integer $x$ and $f(x)=0$ for non integer $x$. Build such function using only variable $x$, integer numbers, and operations $+,-,*,/,[.]$(plus, minus, multiply,divide and integer part)

Let $n$ be an integer greater than $1$. A certain school has $1+2+\dots+n$ students and $n$ classrooms, with capacities for $1, 2, \dots, n$ people, respectively. The kids play a game in $k$ rounds as follows: in each round, when the bell rings, the students distribute themselves among the classrooms in such a way that they don't exceed the room capacities, and if two students shared a classroom in a previous round, they cannot do it anymore in the current round. For each $n$, determine the greatest possible value of $k$. [i]Proposed by Victor Domínguez[/i]

There are $4n$ segments of unit length inside a circle radius $n$. Show that given any line $L$ there is a chord of the circle parallel or perpendicular to $L$ which intersects at least two of the $4n$ segments.

Two different points $A,S$ are given in the plane. Furthermore, positive numbers $d,\omega$ are given, $\omega<180^\circ.$ Let $X$ be a point and $X'$ its image under the rotation by the angle $\omega$ (in counter-clockwise direction) with respect to the origin $S.$ Construct all points $X$ such that $XX'=d$ and $A$ is a point of the segment $XX'.$ Discuss conditions of solvability (in terms of $d,\omega,SA$).

$\frac{2 \sqrt 6}{\sqrt 2 + \sqrt 3 + \sqrt 5}$ equals A. $\sqrt 2 + \sqrt 3 - \sqrt 5$ B. $4 - \sqrt 2 - \sqrt 3$ C. $\sqrt 2 + \sqrt 3 + \sqrt 6 - 5$ D. $\frac{1}{2} (\sqrt 2 + \sqrt 5 - \sqrt 3)$ E. $\frac{1}{3} (\sqrt 3 + \sqrt 5 - \sqrt 2)$

Let the $ABCA'B'C'$ be a regular prism. The points $M$ and $N$ are the midpoints of the sides $BB'$, respectively $BC$, and the angle between the lines $AB'$ and $BC'$ is of $60^\circ$. Let $O$ and $P$ be the intersection of the lines $A'C$ and $AC'$, with respectively $B'C$ and $C'N$. a) Prove that $AC' \perp (OPM)$; b) Find the measure of the angle between the line $AP$ and the plane $(OPM)$. [i]Mircea Fianu[/i]

Set $S = \{1, 2, 3, ..., 2005\}$. If among any $n$ pairwise coprime numbers in $S$ there exists at least a prime number, find the minimum of $n$.

A positive integer $n$ is called $special$ if there exist integers $a > 1$ and $b > 1$ such that $n=a^b + b$. Is there a set of $2014$ consecutive positive integers that contains exactly $2012$ $special$ numbers?

Compute the number of nonempty subsets $S$ of $\{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10\}$ such that $\frac{\max \,\, S + \min \,\,S}{2}$ is an element of $S$.

$(1)$ Start with $a$ white balls and $b$ black balls. $(2)$ Draw one ball at random. $(3)$ If the ball is white, then stop. Otherwise, add two black balls and go to step $2$. Let $S$ be the number of draws before the process terminates. For the cases $a = b = 1$ and $a = b = 2$ only, find $a_n = P(S = n), b_n = P(S \le n), \lim_{n\to\infty} b_n$, and the expectation value of the number of balls drawn: $E(S) =\displaystyle\sum_{n\ge1} na_n.$

Let $ABC$ be a triangle. Let $X$ be the tangency point of the incircle with $BC$. Let $Y$ be the second intersection point of segment $AX$ with the incircle. Prove that \[AX+AY+BC>AB+AC\]

Side $\overline{AB} = 3$. $\vartriangle ABF$ is an equilateral triangle. Side $\overline{DE} =\overline{ AB} = \overline{AF} = \overline{GE}$, $\angle FED = 60^o$, $FG = 1$. Calculate the area of $ABCDE$. [img]https://cdn.artofproblemsolving.com/attachments/e/9/0ac1a88b4a83cdf3d562af0ce11b5ddbc5b8bc.png[/img]

In the following image is a beehive lattice of hexagons. Each cell is colored in one of three colors Red, Blue, or Green (denoted by the letters $R, B, G$). The frame is colored according to the instructions in the image, and the rest of the hexagons are colored however one wants. Is there necessarily a point where three hexagons of different colors meet?

From the vertex $C$ in triangle $ABC$, draw a straight line that bisects the median from $A$. In what ratio does this line divide the segment $AB$? [img]https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SxWIQ12DIvs/XzcJv5xoV0I/AAAAAAAAMY4/Ezfe8bd7W-Mfp2Qi4qE_gppbh9Fzvb4XwCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/1995%2BMohr%2Bp3.png[/img]

Let $ABC$ be a non-right triangle and let $M$ be the midpoint of $BC$. Let $D$ be a point on $AM$ (D≠A, D≠M). Let ω1 be a circle through $D$ that intersects $BC$ at $B$ and let ω2 be a circle through $D$ that intersects $BC$ at $C$. Let $AB$ intersect ω1 at $B$ and $E$, and let $AC$ intersect ω2 at $C$ and $F$. Prove, that the tangent on ω1 at $E$ and the tangent on ω2 at $F$ intersect on $AM$.

Each of Peter and Basil draws a convex quadrilateral with no parallel sides. The angles between a diagonal and the four sides of Peter's quadrilateral are $\alpha, \alpha, \beta$ and $\gamma$ in some order. The angles between a diagonal and the four sides of Basil's quadrilateral are also $\alpha, \alpha, \beta$ and $\gamma$ in some order. Prove that the acute angle between the diagonals of Peter's quadrilateral is equal to the acute angle between the diagonals of Basil's quadrilateral.

Let $P$ be a given quadratic polynomial. Find all functions $f : \mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R}$ such that $$f(x+y)=f(x)+f(y)\text{ and } f(P(x))=f(x)\text{ for all }x,y\in\mathbb{R}.$$

All faces of the tetrahedron $ABCD$ are acute-angled. Take a point $X$ in the interior of the segment $AB$, and similarly $Y$ in $BC, Z$ in $CD$ and $T$ in $AD$. [b]a.)[/b] If $\angle DAB+\angle BCD\ne\angle CDA+\angle ABC$, then prove none of the closed paths $XYZTX$ has minimal length; [b]b.)[/b] If $\angle DAB+\angle BCD=\angle CDA+\angle ABC$, then there are infinitely many shortest paths $XYZTX$, each with length $2AC\sin k$, where $2k=\angle BAC+\angle CAD+\angle DAB$.

If $p$, $q$ and $M$ are positive numbers and $q<100$, then the number obtained by increasing $M$ by $p\%$ and decreasing the result by $q\%$ exceeds $M$ if and only if $\text{(A)}\ p>q ~~ \text{(B)}\ p>\frac{q}{100-q} ~~ \text{(C)}\ p>\frac{q}{1-q} ~~ \text{(D)}\ p>\frac{100q}{100+q} ~~ \text{(E)}\ p>\frac{100q}{100-q}$

The number of nonnegative solutions to the equation $2x_1+x_2+x_3+x_4+x_5+x_6+x_7+x_8+x_9+x_{10}=3$ is________.