Find the least prime number greater than $1000$ that divides $2^{1010} \cdot 23^{2020} + 1$.

Four identical squares and one rectangle are placed together to form one large square as shown. The length of the rectangle is how many times as large as its width? [asy]unitsize(8mm); defaultpen(linewidth(.8pt)); draw(scale(4)*unitsquare); draw((0,3)--(4,3)); draw((1,3)--(1,4)); draw((2,3)--(2,4)); draw((3,3)--(3,4));[/asy]$ \textbf{(A)}\ \frac {5}{4} \qquad \textbf{(B)}\ \frac {4}{3} \qquad \textbf{(C)}\ \frac {3}{2} \qquad \textbf{(D)}\ 2 \qquad \textbf{(E)}\ 3$

$\textbf{Bake Sale}$ Four friends, Art, Roger, Paul and Trisha, bake cookies, and all cookies have the same thickness. The shapes of the cookies differ, as shown. $\circ$ Art's cookies are trapezoids: [asy]size(80);defaultpen(linewidth(0.8));defaultpen(fontsize(8)); draw(origin--(5,0)--(5,3)--(2,3)--cycle); draw(rightanglemark((5,3), (5,0), origin)); label("5 in", (2.5,0), S); label("3 in", (5,1.5), E); label("3 in", (3.5,3), N);[/asy] $\circ$ Roger's cookies are rectangles: [asy]size(80);defaultpen(linewidth(0.8));defaultpen(fontsize(8)); draw(origin--(4,0)--(4,2)--(0,2)--cycle); draw(rightanglemark((4,2), (4,0), origin)); draw(rightanglemark((0,2), origin, (4,0))); label("4 in", (2,0), S); label("2 in", (4,1), E);[/asy] $\circ$ Paul's cookies are parallelograms: [asy]size(80);defaultpen(linewidth(0.8));defaultpen(fontsize(8)); draw(origin--(3,0)--(2.5,2)--(-0.5,2)--cycle); draw((2.5,2)--(2.5,0), dashed); draw(rightanglemark((2.5,2),(2.5,0), origin)); label("3 in", (1.5,0), S); label("2 in", (2.5,1), W);[/asy] $\circ$ Trisha's cookies are triangles: [asy]size(80);defaultpen(linewidth(0.8));defaultpen(fontsize(8)); draw(origin--(3,0)--(3,4)--cycle); draw(rightanglemark((3,4),(3,0), origin)); label("3 in", (1.5,0), S); label("4 in", (3,2), E);[/asy] Each friend uses the same amount of dough, and Art makes exactly 12 cookies. Who gets the fewest cookies from one batch of cookie dough? $ \textbf{(A)}\ \text{Art}\qquad\textbf{(B)}\ \text{Roger}\qquad\textbf{(C)}\ \text{Paul}\qquad\textbf{(D)}\ \text{Trisha}\qquad\textbf{(E)}\ \text{There is a tie for fewest.}$

A set is $reciprocally\ whole$ if its elements are distinct integers greater than 1 and the sum of the reciprocals of all these elements is exactly 1. Find a set $S$, as small as possible, that contains two reciprocally whole subsets, $I$ and $J$, which are distinct, but not necessarily disjoint (meaning they may share elements, but they may not be the same subset). Prove that no set with fewer elements than $S$ can contain two reciprocally whole subsets.

Find the biggest non-integer $x$ such that $(x+2)^2 + (x+3)^3 + (x+4)^4 = 2$.

$ i(L) $ denotes the number of multiplicative binary operations over the set of elements of the finite additive group $ L $ such that the set of elements of $ L, $ along with these additive and multiplicative operations, form a ring. Prove that [b]a)[/b] $ i\left( \mathbb{Z}_{12} \right) =4. $ [b]b)[/b] $ i(A\times B)\ge i(A)i(B) , $ for any two finite commutative groups $ B $ and $ A. $ [b]c)[/b] there exist two sequences $ \left( G_k \right)_{k\ge 1} ,\left( H_k \right)_{k\ge 1} $ of finite commutative groups such that $$ \lim_{k\to\infty }\frac{\# G_k }{i\left( G_k \right)} =0 $$ and $$ \lim_{k\to\infty }\frac{\# H_k }{i\left( H_k \right)} =\infty. $$ [i]Barbu Berceanu[/i]

A triangle is cut by $3$ cevians from its $3$ vertices into $7$ pieces: $4$ triangles and $3$ quadrilaterals. Determine if it is possible that all $3$ quadrilaterals are inscribed.

If $f(x, y) = 3x^2 + 3xy + 1$ and $f(a, b) + 1 = f(b, a) = 42$, then determine $|a + b|$.

How many base ten integers of the form 1010101...101 are prime?

Let be a natural number $ n\ge 2 $ and two $ n\times n $ complex matrices $ A,B $ that satisfy $ (AB)^3=O_n. $ Does this imply that $ (BA)^3=O_n ? $

Let $a_{n}$ be the area surrounded by the curves $y=e^{-x}$ and the part of $y=e^{-x}|\cos x|,\ (n-1)\pi \leq x\leq n\pi \ (n=1,\ 2,\ 3,\ \cdots).$ Evaluate $\lim_{n\to\infty}(a_{1}+a_{2}+\cdots+a_{n}).$

The eight points $A, B,. . ., G$ and $H$ lie on five circles as shown. Each of these letters are represented by one of the eight numbers $1, 2,. . ., 7$ and $ 8$ replaced so that the following conditions are met: (i) Each of the eight numbers is used exactly once. (ii) The sum of the numbers on each of the five circles is the same. How many ways are there to get the letters substituted through the numbers in this way? (Walther Janous) [img]https://cdn.artofproblemsolving.com/attachments/5/e/511cdd2fc31e8067f400369c4fe9cf964ef54c.png[/img]

Given an integer $n\ge\ 3$, find the least positive integer $k$, such that there exists a set $A$ with $k$ elements, and $n$ distinct reals $x_{1},x_{2},\ldots,x_{n}$ such that $x_{1}+x_{2}, x_{2}+x_{3},\ldots, x_{n-1}+x_{n}, x_{n}+x_{1}$ all belong to $A$.

Let $E$ be a set of $n$ points in the plane $(n \geq 3)$ whose coordinates are integers such that any three points from $E$ are vertices of a nondegenerate triangle whose centroid doesnt have both coordinates integers. Determine the maximal $n.$

Find all integer solutions to $m^2=n^6+1$.

Let $ABC$ be a triangle with circumcenter $O$ and circumcircle $\omega$. Let $D$ be the foot of the altitude from $A$ to $\overline{BC}$. Let $P$ and $Q$ be points on the circumcircles of triangles $AOB$ and $AOC$, respectively, such that $A$, $P$, and $Q$ are collinear. Prove that if the circumcircle of triangle $OPQ$ is tangent to $\omega$ at $T$, then $\angle BTD=\angle CAP$. [i]Tiger Zhang[/i]

Let $a_1\in (0,1)$ and $(a_n)_{n\ge 1}$ a sequence of real numbers defined by $a_{n+1}=a_n(1-a_n^2),\ (\forall)n\ge 1$. Evaluate $\lim_{n\to \infty} a_n\sqrt{n}$.

Which of the following are true? $\textbf{(A)}~\text{For every }n\in\mathbb N,n^3-n\text{ is divisible by }6$ $\textbf{(B)}~\text{For every }n\in\mathbb N,n^7-n\text{ is divisible by }42$ $\textbf{(C)}~\text{Every perfect square is of the form }3m\text{ or }3m+1\text{ for some }n\in\mathbb N$ $\textbf{(D)}~\text{None of the above}$

Ms. Raina's math class has 6 students, including the troublemakers Andy and Harry. For a group project, Ms. Raina randomly divides the students into three groups containing 1, 2, and 3 people. The probability that Andy and Harry unfortunately end up in the same group can be expressed in the form $\frac{m}{n}$ where $m$ and $n$ are relatively prime positive integers. Find $m+n$. [i]Proposed by Andy Xu[/i]

Suppose that $a_1 = 1,$ $a_2 = 2$, and for any $n \ge 3$, $a_n = a_1 + a_2 + \cdots + a_{n-1}$. Find $\frac{a_{2021}}{a_{2020}}$. [i]Proposed by Andrew Wu[/i]

Let $a$ and $b$ be two positive integers satisfying the equation \[ 20\sqrt{12} = a\sqrt{b}. \] Compute the sum of all possible distinct products $ab$. [i]Proposed by Lewis Chen[/i]

Let $\mathbb{Z}$ denote the set of all integers. Find all polynomials $P(x)$ with integer coefficients that satisfy the following property: For any infinite sequence $a_1$, $a_2$, $\dotsc$ of integers in which each integer in $\mathbb{Z}$ appears exactly once, there exist indices $i < j$ and an integer $k$ such that $a_i +a_{i+1} +\dotsb +a_j = P(k)$.

Given any set of $14$ (different) natural numbers, prove that for some $k$ ($1 \le k \le 7$) there exist two disjoint $k$-element subsets $\{a_1,...,a_k\}$ and $\{b_1,...,b_k\}$ such that $A =\frac{1}{a_1}+\frac{1}{a_2}+...+\frac{1}{a_k}$ and $B =\frac{1}{b_1}+\frac{1}{b_2}+...+\frac{1}{b_k}$ differ by less than $0.001$, i.e. $|A-B| < 0.001$

Let $ABCD$ be a quadrilateral inscribed in a circle. Show that the centroids of triangles $ABC,$ $CDA,$ $BCD,$ $DAB$ lie on one circle.

In a triangle $ABC$, with $\widehat{A} > 90^\circ$, let $O$ and $H$ denote its circumcenter and orthocenter, respectively. Let $K$ be the reflection of $H$ with respect to $A$. Prove that $K, O$ and $C$ are collinear if and only if $\widehat{A} - \widehat{B} = 90^\circ$.