Found problems: 85335
Call admissible a set $A$ of integers that has the following property:
If $x,y \in A$ (possibly $x=y$) then $x^2+kxy+y^2 \in A$ for every integer $k$.
Determine all pairs $m,n$ of nonzero integers such that the only admissible set containing both $m$ and $n$ is the set of all integers.
[i]Proposed by Warut Suksompong, Thailand[/i]
Jim and Jane divide a triangular cake between themselves. Jim chooses any point in the cake and Jane makes a straight cut through this point and chooses the piece. Find the size of the piece that each of them can guarantee for himself/herself (both of them want to get as much as possible).
[i](4 points)[/i]
A triangular pyramid $ABCD$ is given. A sphere $\omega_A$ is tangent to the face $BCD$ and to the planes of other faces in points don't lying on faces. Similarly, sphere $\omega_B$ is tangent to the face $ACD$ and to the planes of other faces in points don't lying on faces. Let $K$ be the point where $\omega_A$ is tangent to $ACD$, and let $L$ be the point where $\omega_B$ is tangent to $BCD$. The points $X$ and $Y$ are chosen on the prolongations of $AK$ and $BL$ over $K$ and $L$ such that $\angle CKD = \angle CXD + \angle CBD$ and $\angle CLD = \angle CYD +\angle CAD$. Prove that the distances from the points $X$, $Y$ to the midpoint of $CD$ are the same.
[hide=thanks ]Thanks to the user Vlados021 for translating the problem.[/hide]
Find all functions $f:\mathbb Z_{>0}\to \mathbb Z_{>0}$ such that $a+f(b)$ divides $a^2+bf(a)$ for all positive integers $a$ and $b$ with $a+b>2019$.
Find all functions $f : \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{Z}$ which satisfy the conditions:
$f(x+y) < f(x) + f(y)$
$f(f(x)) = \lfloor {x} \rfloor + 2$
$AD$ is the angle bisector of the right triangle $ABC$ with $\angle ABC = 60^o$ and $\angle BCA = 90^o$. $E$ is chosen on $\overline{AB}$ so that the line parallel to $\overline{DE}$ through $C$ bisects $\overline{AE}$. Find $\angle EDB$ in degrees.
What is angle $B$ of triangle$ ABC$, if it is known that the altitudes drawn from $A$ and $C$ intersect inside the triangle and one of them is divided by of intersection point into equal parts, and the other one in the ratio of $2: 1$, counting from the vertex?
Points $L$ and $H$ are marked on the sides $AB$ of an acute-angled triangle ABC so that $CL$ is a bisector and $CH$ is an altitude. Let $P,Q$ be the feet of the perpendiculars from $L$ to $AC$ and $BC$ respectively. Prove that $AP \cdot BH = BQ \cdot AH$.
I. Gorodnin
The [i]liar's guessing game[/i] is a game played between two players $A$ and $B$. The rules of the game depend on two positive integers $k$ and $n$ which are known to both players.
At the start of the game $A$ chooses integers $x$ and $N$ with $1 \le x \le N.$ Player $A$ keeps $x$ secret, and truthfully tells $N$ to player $B$. Player $B$ now tries to obtain information about $x$ by asking player $A$ questions as follows: each question consists of $B$ specifying an arbitrary set $S$ of positive integers (possibly one specified in some previous question), and asking $A$ whether $x$ belongs to $S$. Player $B$ may ask as many questions as he wishes. After each question, player $A$ must immediately answer it with [i]yes[/i] or [i]no[/i], but is allowed to lie as many times as she wants; the only restriction is that, among any $k+1$ consecutive answers, at least one answer must be truthful.
After $B$ has asked as many questions as he wants, he must specify a set $X$ of at most $n$ positive integers. If $x$ belongs to $X$, then $B$ wins; otherwise, he loses. Prove that:
1. If $n \ge 2^k,$ then $B$ can guarantee a win.
2. For all sufficiently large $k$, there exists an integer $n \ge (1.99)^k$ such that $B$ cannot guarantee a win.
[i]Proposed by David Arthur, Canada[/i]
Let $P(x)$ be a polynomial with integer coefficients. We will denote the set of all prime numbers by $\mathbb P$. Show that the set $\mathbb S := \{p\in\mathbb P : \exists\text{ }n \text{ s.t. }p\mid P(n)\}$ is finite if and only if $P(x)$ is a non-zero constant polynomial.
Prove that the equation $x^2 + x + 1 = py$ has solution $(x,y)$ for the infinite number of simple $p$.
Sequence {$x_n$} satisfies: $x_1=1$ , ${x_n=\sqrt{x_{n-1}^2+x_{n-1}}+x_{n-1}}$ ( ${n>=2}$ )
Find the general term of {$x_n$}
The sides of triangle are $x$, $2x+1$ and $x+2$ for some positive rational $x$. Angle of triangle is $60$ degree. Find perimeter
Prove that none of the numbers $2^{2^n}+ 1$, $n = 0, 1, 2, \dots$ is a perfect cube.
For a given odd prime number $p$, define $f(n)$ the remainder of $d$ divided by $p$, where $d$ is the biggest divisor of $n$ which is not a multiple of $p$. For example when $p=5$, $f(6)=1, f(35)=2, f(75)=3$. Define the sequence $a_1, a_2, \ldots, a_n, \ldots$ of integers as the followings:
[list]
[*]$a_1=1$
[*]$a_{n+1}=a_n+(-1)^{f(n)+1}$ for all positive integers $n$.
[/list]
Determine all integers $m$, such that there exist infinitely many positive integers $k$ such that $m=a_k$.
Let $A$, $B$ and $C$ be equidistant points on the circumference of a circle of unit radius centered at $O$, and let $P$ be any point in the circle's interior. Let $a$, $b$, $c$ be the distances from $P$ to $A$, $B$, $C$ respectively. Show that there is a triangle with side lengths $a$, $b$, $c$, and that the area of this triangle depends only on the distance from $P$ to $O$.
The currency exchange trades dinars (D), guilders (G), reals (R) and thalers (T). Exchange players have the right to make a purchase and sale transaction with each pair of currencies no more than once a day. The exchange rates are as follows: $D = 6G$,; $D=25R$, $D=120T$,$G = 4R$; $G=21T$, $R = 5T$. For example, the entry $D = 6G$ means that $1$ dinar can be bought for $6$ guilders (or $6$ guilders can be sold for $1$ dinar). In the morning the player had $32$ dinars. What is the maximum number that he can receive by evening
a) in dinars?
b) in thalers ?
Circles with centers $ (2,4)$ and $ (14,9)$ have radii 4 and 9, respectively. The equation of a common external tangent to the circles can be written in the form $ y \equal{} mx \plus{} b$ with $ m > 0$. What is $ b$?
[asy]
size(150); defaultpen(linewidth(0.7)+fontsize(8)); draw(circle((2,4),4));draw(circle((14,9),9)); draw((0,-2)--(0,20));draw((-6,0)--(25,0)); draw((2,4)--(2,4)+4*expi(pi*4.5/11)); draw((14,9)--(14,9)+9*expi(pi*6/7)); label("4",(2,4)+2*expi(pi*4.5/11),(-1,0)); label("9",(14,9)+4.5*expi(pi*6/7),(1,1)); label("(2,4)",(2,4),(0.5,-1.5));label("(14,9)",(14,9),(1,-1)); draw((-4,120*-4/119+912/119)--(11,120*11/119+912/119)); dot((2,4)^^(14,9));[/asy]
$ \textbf{(A) } \frac {908}{199}\qquad \textbf{(B) } \frac {909}{119}\qquad \textbf{(C) } \frac {130}{17}\qquad \textbf{(D) } \frac {911}{119}\qquad \textbf{(E) } \frac {912}{119}$
For $1\leq j\leq 2014$, define \[b_j=j^{2014}\prod_{i=1, i\neq j}^{2014}(i^{2014}-j^{2014})\] where the product is over all $i\in\{1,\ldots,2014\}$ except $i=j$. Evaluate \[\dfrac1{b_1}+\dfrac1{b_2}+\cdots+\dfrac1{b_{2014}}.\]
Find all pairs of positive integers $(a, b)$ such that $$11ab \le a^3 - b^3 \le 12ab.$$
There are 47 students in a classroom with seats arranged in 6 rows $ \times$ 8 columns, and the seat in the $ i$-th row and $ j$-th column is denoted by $ (i,j).$ Now, an adjustment is made for students’ seats in the new school term. For a student with the original seat $ (i,j),$ if his/her new seat is $ (m,n),$ we say that the student is moved by $ [a, b] \equal{} [i \minus{} m, j \minus{} n]$ and define the position value of the student as $ a\plus{}b.$ Let $ S$ denote the sum of the position values of all the students. Determine the difference between the greatest and smallest possible values of $ S.$
Let $n$ be a positive integer. Find the largest nonnegative real number $f(n)$ (depending on $n$) with the following property: whenever $a_1,a_2,...,a_n$ are real numbers such that $a_1+a_2+\cdots +a_n$ is an integer, there exists some $i$ such that $\left|a_i-\frac{1}{2}\right|\ge f(n)$.
Consider the sequence $a_1, a_2, a_3, ...$ defined by $a_1 = 9$ and
$a_{n + 1} = \frac{(n + 5)a_n + 22}{n + 3}$
for $n \ge 1$.
Find all natural numbers $n$ for which $a_n$ is a perfect square of an integer.
Given integers $a_1, \ldots, a_{10},$ prove that there exist a non-zero sequence $\{x_1, \ldots, x_{10}\}$ such that all $x_i$ belong to $\{-1,0,1\}$ and the number $\sum^{10}_{i=1} x_i \cdot a_i$ is divisible by 1001.
Let $a, b, c$ be positive real numbers. Prove that
$$\frac{a(b^2 + c^2)}{(b + c)(a^2 + bc)} + \frac{b(c^2 + a^2)}{(c + a)(b^2 + ca)} + \frac{c(a^2 + b^2)}{(a + b)(c^2 + ab)} \ge \frac32$$