Let $ a, b \in \mathbb{Z}$ which are not perfect squares. Prove that if \[ x^2 \minus{} ay^2 \minus{} bz^2 \plus{} abw^2 \equal{} 0\] has a nontrivial solution in integers, then so does \[ x^2 \minus{} ay^2 \minus{} bz^2 \equal{} 0.\]

Find all $a\in\mathbb{R}$ for which there exists a non-constant function $f: (0,1]\rightarrow\mathbb{R}$ such that \[a+f(x+y-xy)+f(x)f(y)\leq f(x)+f(y)\] for all $x,y\in(0,1].$

How many pairs of integers $(m,n)$ are there such that $mn+n+14=\left (m-1 \right)^2$? $ \textbf{a)}\ 16 \qquad\textbf{b)}\ 12 \qquad\textbf{c)}\ 8 \qquad\textbf{d)}\ 6 \qquad\textbf{e)}\ 2 $

Let $P_n$ denote the $n$-th Pell number defined by $P_{n+1}=2P_n+P_{n-1}$, $P_0=0$, $P_1=1$. Furthermore, let $T_n$ denote the $n$-th triangular number, that is $T_n=\binom{n+1}2$. Show that $$\sum_{n=0}^\infty4T_n\cdot\frac{P_n}{3^{n+2}}=P_3+P_4$$ [i]Proposed by Ángel Plaza[/i]

A positive integer is a non-trivial perfect power if it can be expressed as $n^k$ where $n$ and $k$ are positive integers and $k>1$. Show that there exist arbitrarily large consecutive square numbers with no other non-trivial perfect powers between them.

An angle $x$ is chosen at random from the interval $0^\circ < x < 90^\circ$. Let $p$ be the probability that the numbers $\sin^2 x$, $\cos^2 x$, and $\sin x \cos x$ are not the lengths of the sides of a triangle. Given that $p = d/n$, where $d$ is the number of degrees in $\arctan m$ and $m$ and $n$ are positive integers with $m + n < 1000$, find $m + n$.

On a circular billiard table a ball rebounds from the rails as if the rail was the tangent to the circle at the point of impact. A regular hexagon with its vertices on the circle is drawn on a circular billiard table. A (point-shaped) ball is placed somewhere on the circumference of the hexagon, but not on one of its edges. Describe a periodical track of this ball with exactly four points at the rails. With how many different directions of impact can the ball be brought onto such a track?

Let $ABC$ be an acute-angled scalene triangle with circumcircle $\Gamma$ and circumcenter $O$. Suppose $AB < AC$. Let $H$ be the orthocenter and $I$ be the incenter of triangle $ABC$. Let $F$ be the midpoint of the arc $BC$ of the circumcircle of triangle $BHC$, containing $H$. Let $X$ be a point on the arc $AB$ of $\Gamma$ not containing $C$, such that $\angle AXH = \angle AFH$. Let $K$ be the circumcenter of triangle $XIA$. Prove that the lines $AO$ and $KI$ meet on $\Gamma$. [i]Proposed by Anant Mudgal[/i]

There is a ring outside of Saturn. In order to distinguish if the ring is actually a part of Saturn or is instead part of the satellites of Saturn, we need to know the relation between the velocity $v$ of each layer in the ring and the distance $R$ of the layer to the center of Saturn. Which of the following statements is correct? $\textbf{(A) }$ If $v \propto R$, then the layer is part of Saturn. $\textbf{(B) }$ If $v^2 \propto R$, then the layer is part of the satellites of Saturn. $\textbf{(C) }$ If $v \propto 1/R$, then the layer is part of Saturn. $\textbf{(D) }$ If $v^2 \propto 1/R$, then the layer is part of Saturn. $\textbf{(E) }$ If $v \propto R^2$, then the layer is part of the satellites of Saturn.

Let be $ABC$ an acute-angled triangle. Consider point $P$ lying on the opposite ray to the ray $BC$ such that $|AB|=|BP|$. Similarly, consider point $Q$ on the opposite ray to the ray $CB$ such that $|AC|=|CQ|$. Denote $J$ the excenter of $ABC$ with respect to $A$ and $D,E$ tangent points of this excircle with the lines $AB$ and $AC$, respectively. Suppose that the opposite rays to $DP$ and $EQ$ intersect in $F\neq J$. Prove that $AF\perp FJ$.

If $\sin 2x \sin 3x = \cos 2x \cos 3x$, then one value for $x$ is A. $18^\circ$ B. $30^\circ$ C. $36^\circ$ D. $45^\circ$ E. $60^\circ$

The parabola $y = x^2$ is drawn in the coordinate plane and then the axes are erased so that the whole parabola stays on the picture but the origin is not shown on it. Reconstruct the axes with compass and ruler alone. (A Egorov)

An object starting from rest can roll without slipping down an incline. Which of the following four objects, each with mass $M$ and radius $R$, would have the largest acceleration down the incline? A) a uniform solid sphere B) a uniform solid disk C) a hollow spherical shell D) a hoop E) All objects would have the same acceleration.

Suppose that $20^{21} = 2^a5^b = 4^c5^d = 8^e5^f$ for positive integers $a,b,c,d,e,$ and $f$. Find $\frac{100bdf}{ace}$. [i]Proposed by Andrew Wu[/i]

Find the biggest natural number $m$ that has the following property: among any five 500-element subsets of $\{ 1,2,\dots, 1000\}$ there exist two sets, whose intersection contains at least $m$ numbers.

Snow White and the Seven Dwarves are living in their house in the forest. On each of $16$ consecutive days, some of the dwarves worked in the diamond mine while the remaining dwarves collected berries in the forest. No dwarf performed both types of work on the same day. On any two different (not necessarily consecutive) days, at least three dwarves each performed both types of work. Further, on the first day, all seven dwarves worked in the diamond mine. Prove that, on one of these $16$ days, all seven dwarves were collecting berries.