Two concentric circles have radii $R$ and $r$ respectively. Determine the greatest possible number of circles that are tangent to both these circles and mutually nonintersecting. Prove that this number lies between $\frac 32 \cdot \frac{\sqrt R +\sqrt r }{\sqrt R -\sqrt r } -1$ and $\frac{63}{20} \cdot \frac{R+r}{R-r}.$

Suppose that $p,q$ are prime numbers such that $\sqrt{p^2 +7pq+q^2}+\sqrt{p^2 +14pq+q^2}$ is an integer. Show that $p = q$.

$(HUN 5)$ Let $r$ and $m (r \le m)$ be natural numbers and $Ak =\frac{2k-1}{2m}\pi$. Evaluate $\frac{1}{m^2}\displaystyle\sum_{k=1}^{m}\displaystyle\sum_{l=1}^{m}\sin(rA_k)\sin(rA_l)\cos(rA_k-rA_l)$

Let $U$ be a random variable that is uniformly distributed on the interval $[0,1]$, and let \[S_n= 2\sum_{k=1}^n \sin(2kU\pi).\] Show that, as $n\to \infty$, the limit distribution of $S_n$ is the Cauchy distribution with density function $f(x)=\frac1{\pi(1+x^2)}$.

Let $S=\{1,2,...,100\}$ . Find number of functions $f: S\to S$ satisfying the following conditions a)$f(1)=1$ b)$f$ is bijective c)$f(n)=f(g(n))f(h(n))\forall n\in S$, where $g(n),h(n)$ are positive integer numbers such that $g(n)\leq h(n),n=g(n)h(n)$ that minimize $h(n)-g(n)$.

For all positive integers $m,n$ define $f(m,n) = m^{3^{4n}+6} - m^{3^{4n}+4} - m^5 + m^3$. Find all numbers $n$ with the property that $f(m, n)$ is divisible by 1992 for every $m$. [i]Bulgaria[/i]

Four distinct points, $A$, $B$, $C$, and $D$, are to be selected from $1996$ points evenly spaced around a circle. All quadruples are equally likely to be chosen. What is the probability that the chord $AB$ intersects the chord $CD$? $\text{(A)}\ \frac 14 \qquad \text{(B)}\ \frac 13 \qquad \text{(C)}\ \frac 12 \qquad \text{(D)}\ \frac 23\qquad \text{(E)}\ \frac 34$

$\triangle ABC$ has the property that $\angle ACB = 90^{\circ}$. Let $D$ and $E$ be points on $AB$ such that $D$ is on ray $BA$, $E$ is on segment $AB$, and $\angle DCA = \angle ACE$. Let the circumcircle of $\triangle CDE$ hit $BC$ at $F \ne C$, and $EF$ hit $AC$ and $DC$ at $P$ and $Q$, respectively. If $EP = FQ$, then the ratio $\frac{EF}{PQ}$ can be written as $a+\sqrt{b}$ where $a$ and $b$ are positive integers. Find $a+b$. [i]Proposed by Kevin Zhao[/i]

Let $a_{10} = 10$, and for each integer $n >10$ let $a_n = 100a_{n - 1} + n$. Find the least $n > 10$ such that $a_n$ is a multiple of $99$.

In the acute triangle $ABC$, the point $I_c$ is the center of excircle on the side $AB$, $A_1$ and $B_1$ are the tangency points of the other two excircles with sides $BC$ and $CA$, respectively, $C'$ is the point on the circumcircle diametrically opposite to point $C$. Prove that the lines $I_cC'$ and $A_1B_1$ are perpendicular.

In the convex and cyclic quadrilateral $ABCD$, we have $\angle B = 110^{\circ}$. The intersection of $AD$ and $BC$ is $E$ and the intersection of $AB$ and $CD$ is $F$. If the perpendicular from $E$ to $AB$ intersects the perpendicular from $F$ to $BC$ on the circumcircle of the quadrilateral at point $P$, what is $\angle PDF$ in degrees?

Find all positive intger solutions of $3^x+29=2^y$.

In a triangle $ABC$, let $D$ and $E$ point in the sides $BC$ and $AC$ respectively. The segments $AD$ and $BE$ intersects in $O$, let $r$ be line (parallel to $AB$) such that $r$ intersects $DE$ in your midpoint, show that the triangle $ABO$ and the quadrilateral $ODCE$ have the same area.

Let $ABCD$ be a convex quadrilateral. If $M, N, K$ are the midpoints of the segments $AB, BC$, and $CD$, respectively, and there is also a point $P$ inside the quadrilateral $ABCD$ such that, $\angle BPN= \angle PAD$ and $\angle CPN=\angle PDA$. Show that $AB \cdot CD=4PM\cdot PK$.

Let $\Omega$ be an $n$-gon inscribed in the unit circle, with vertices $P_1, P_2, ..., P_n$. (a) Show that there exists a point $P$ on the unit circle such that $PP_1 \cdot PP_2\cdot ... \cdot PP_n \ge 2$. (b) Suppose for each $P$ on the unit circle, the inequality $PP_1 \cdot PP_2\cdot ... \cdot PP_n \le 2$ holds. Prove that $\Omega$ is regular.

Let $A$ be a set of positive integers having the following property: for each positive integer $n$ exactly one of the three numbers $n, 2n$ and $3n$ is an element of $A$. Furthermore, it is given that $2 \in A$. Prove that $13824 \notin A$.

In triangle $ ABC,H,I,O$ are orthocenter, incenter and circumcenter, respectively. $ CI$ cuts circumcircle at $ L$. If $ AB\equal{}IL$ and $ AH\equal{}OH$, find angles of triangle $ ABC$.

For a positive integer $n$, a [i]sum-friendly odd partition[/i] of $n$ is a sequence $(a_1, a_2, \ldots, a_k)$ of odd positive integers with $a_1 \le a_2 \le \cdots \le a_k$ and $a_1 + a_2 + \cdots + a_k = n$ such that for all positive integers $m \le n$, $m$ can be [b]uniquely[/b] written as a subsum $m = a_{i_1} + a_{i_2} + \cdots + a_{i_r}$. (Two subsums $a_{i_1} + a_{i_2} + \cdots + a_{i_r}$ and $a_{j_1} + a_{j_2} + \cdots + a_{j_s}$ with $i_1 < i_2 < \cdots < i_r$ and $j_1 < j_2 < \cdots < j_s$ are considered the same if $r = s$ and $a_{i_l} = a_{j_l}$ for $1 \le l \le r$.) For example, $(1, 1, 3, 3)$ is a sum-friendly odd partition of $8$. Find the number of sum-friendly odd partitions of $9999$.

Let $\omega_1,\omega_2$ be two circles centered at $O_1$ and $O_2$ and lying outside each other. Points $C_1$ and $C_2$ lie on these circles in the same semi plane with respect to $O_1O_2$. The ray $O_1C_1$ meets $\omega _2$ at $A_2,B_2$ and $O_2C_2$ meets $\omega_1$ at $A_1,B_1$. Prove that $\angle A_1O_1B_1=\angle A_2O_2B_2$ if and only if $C_1C_2||O_1O_2$.

We know that $201$ and $9$ give the same remainder when divided by $24$. What is the smallest positive integer $k$ such that $201+k$ and $9+k$ give the same remainder when divided by $24+k$? [i]2020 CCA Math Bonanza Lightning Round #2.1[/i]

Arianna and Brianna play a game in which they alternate turns writing numbers on a paper. Before the game begins, a referee randomly selects an integer $N$ with $1 \leq N \leq 2019$, such that $i$ has probability $\frac{i}{1 + 2 + \dots + 2019}$ of being chosen. First, Arianna writes $1$ on the paper. On any move thereafter, the player whose turn it is writes $a+1$ or $2a$, where $a$ is any number on the paper, under the conditions that no number is ever written twice and any number written does not exceed $N$. No number is ever erased. The winner is the person who first writes the number $N$. Assuming both Arianna and Brianna play optimally, the probability that Brianna wins can be expressed as $\frac{m}{n}$ where $m$ and $n$ are relatively prime positive integers. Compute $m + n.$ [i]Proposed by Edward Wan[/i]

The infinite sequence of integers $a_1, a_2, \cdots $ is defined recursively as follows: $a_1 = 3$, $a_2 = 7$, and $a_n$ equals the alternating sum $$a_1 - 2a_2 + 3a_3 - 4a_4 + \cdots (-1)^n \cdot (n-1)a_{n-1}$$ for all $n > 2$. Let $a_x$ be the smallest positive multiple of $1090$ appearing in this sequence. Find the remainder of $a_x$ when divided by $113$.

Let $ABC$ be an isosceles triangle with $BC = a$ and $AB = AC = b$. Segment $AC$ is the base of an isosceles triangle $ADC$ with $AD = DC = a$ such that points $D$ and $B$ share the opposite sides of AC. Let $CM$ and $CN$ be the bisectors in triangles $ABC$ and $ADC$ respectively. Determine the circumradius of triangle $CMN$. (M.Rozhkova)

Let $ABC$ be a non isosceles triangle with circumcircle $(O)$ and incircle $(I)$. Denote $(O_1)$ as the circle internal tangent to $(O)$ at $A_1$ and also tangent to segments $AB,AC$ at $A_b,A_c$ respectively. Define the circles $(O_2), (O_3)$ and the points $B_1, C_1, B_c , B_a, C_a, C_b$ similarly. 1. Prove that $AA_1, BB_1, CC_1$ are concurrent at the point $M$ and $3$ points $I,M,O$ are collinear. 2. Prove that the circle $(I)$ is inscribed in the hexagon with $6$ vertices $A_b,A_c , B_c , B_a, C_a, C_b$.

Esteban the alchemist have $8088$ copper pieces, $6066$ bronze pieces, $4044$ silver pieces and $2022$ gold pieces. He can take two pieces of different metals and use a magic hammer to turn them into two pieces of different metals that he take and different each other. Find the largest number of gold pieces that Esteban can obtain after using the magic hammer a finite number of times. $\textbf{Note:}$ [i]If Esteban takes a copper and bronze pieces, then he turn them into a silver and a gold pieces.[/i]