Four squares of side length $4, 7, 9,$ and $10$ are arranged in increasing size order so that their left edges and bottom edges align. The squares alternate in color white-gray-white-gray, respectively, as shown in the figure. What is the area of the visible gray region in square units? [asy] size(150); filldraw((0,0)--(10,0)--(10,10)--(0,10)--cycle,gray(0.7),linewidth(1)); filldraw((0,0)--(9,0)--(9,9)--(0,9)--cycle,white,linewidth(1)); filldraw((0,0)--(7,0)--(7,7)--(0,7)--cycle,gray(0.7),linewidth(1)); filldraw((0,0)--(4,0)--(4,4)--(0,4)--cycle,white,linewidth(1)); draw((11,0)--(11,4),linewidth(1)); draw((11,6)--(11,10),linewidth(1)); label("$10$",(11,5),fontsize(14pt)); draw((10.75,0)--(11.25,0),linewidth(1)); draw((10.75,10)--(11.25,10),linewidth(1)); draw((0,11)--(3,11),linewidth(1)); draw((5,11)--(9,11),linewidth(1)); draw((0,11.25)--(0,10.75),linewidth(1)); draw((9,11.25)--(9,10.75),linewidth(1)); label("$9$",(4,11),fontsize(14pt)); draw((-1,0)--(-1,1),linewidth(1)); draw((-1,3)--(-1,7),linewidth(1)); draw((-1.25,0)--(-0.75,0),linewidth(1)); draw((-1.25,7)--(-0.75,7),linewidth(1)); label("$7$",(-1,2),fontsize(14pt)); draw((0,-1)--(1,-1),linewidth(1)); draw((3,-1)--(4,-1),linewidth(1)); draw((0,-1.25)--(0,-.75),linewidth(1)); draw((4,-1.25)--(4,-.75),linewidth(1)); label("$4$",(2,-1),fontsize(14pt)); [/asy] $\textbf{(A)}\ 42 \qquad \textbf{(B)}\ 45\qquad \textbf{(C)}\ 49\qquad \textbf{(D)}\ 50\qquad \textbf{(E)}\ 52$

The positive reals $a,b,c,d$ satisfy $abcd=1$. Prove that $\frac{1}{a} + \frac{1}{b} + \frac{1}{c} + \frac{1}{d} + \frac{9}{{a + b + c + d}} \geqslant \frac{{25}}{4}$.

Determine the polynomials P of two variables so that: [b]a.)[/b] for any real numbers $t,x,y$ we have $P(tx,ty) = t^n P(x,y)$ where $n$ is a positive integer, the same for all $t,x,y;$ [b]b.)[/b] for any real numbers $a,b,c$ we have $P(a + b,c) + P(b + c,a) + P(c + a,b) = 0;$ [b]c.)[/b] $P(1,0) =1.$

An $n\times n$ board is coloured in $n$ colours such that the main diagonal (from top-left to bottom-right) is coloured in the first colour; the two adjacent diagonals are coloured in the second colour; the two next diagonals (one from above and one from below) are coloured in the third colour, etc; the two corners (top-right and bottom-left) are coloured in the $n$-th colour. It happens that it is possible to place on the board $n$ rooks, no two attacking each other and such that no two rooks stand on cells of the same colour. Prove that $n=0\pmod{4}$ or $n=1\pmod{4}$.

Let $D$ be an arbitrary point on side $BC$ of triangle $ABC$. Circles $\omega_1$ and $\omega_2$ pass through $A$ and $D$ in such a way that $BA$ touches $\omega_1$ and $CA$ touches $\omega_2$. Let $BX$ be the second tangent from $B$ to $\omega_1$, and $CY$ be the second tangent from $C$ to $\omega_2$. Prove that the circumcircle of triangle $XDY$ touches $BC$.

Let $n>1$ be a given positive integer. Petro and Vasyl play the following game. They take turns making moves and Petro goes first. In one turn, a player chooses one of the numbers from $1$ to $n$ that wasn't selected before and writes it on the board. The first player after whose turn the product of the numbers on the board will be divisible by $n$ loses. Who wins if every player wants to win? Find answer for each $n>1$. [i]Proposed by Mykhailo Shtandenko, Anton Trygub[/i]

Let $ABC$ be an acute, non-isosceles triangle with circumcenter $O$. Tangent lines to $(O)$ at $B,C$ meet at $T$. A line passes through $T$ cuts segments $AB$ at $D$ and cuts ray $CA$ at $E$. Take $M$ as midpoint of $DE$ and suppose that $MA$ cuts $(O)$ again at $K$. Prove that $(MKT)$ is tangent to $(O)$.

Let $N=\overline{abcd}$ be a positive integer with four digits. We name [i]plátano power[/i] to the smallest positive integer $p(N)=\overline{\alpha_1\alpha_2\ldots\alpha_k}$ that can be inserted between the numbers $\overline{ab}$ and $\overline{cd}$ in such a way the new number $\overline{ab\alpha_1\alpha_2\ldots\alpha_kcd}$ is divisible by $N$. Determine the value of $p(2025)$.

Find the largest integer $d$ divides all three numbers $abc, bca$ and $cab$ with $a, b$ and $c$ being some nonzero and mutually different digits. Czech Republic

Pooki Sooki has $8$ hoodies, and he may wear any of them throughout a 7 day week. He changes his hoodie exactly $2$ times during the week, and will only do so at one of the $6$ midnights. Once he changes out of a hoodie, he never wears it for the rest of the week. The number of ways he can wear his hoodies throughout the week can be expressed as $\frac{8!}{2^k}$. Find $k$. Proposed by Minseok Eli Park (wolfpack)

A sequence of real numbers $a_1,a_2,\ldots$ satisfies the relation $$a_n=-\max_{i+j=n}(a_i+a_j)\qquad\text{for all}\quad n>2017.$$ Prove that the sequence is bounded, i.e., there is a constant $M$ such that $|a_n|\leq M$ for all positive integers $n$.

Find all three digit numbers $\overline{abc}$ such that $2 \cdot \overline{abc} = \overline{bca} + \overline{cab}$.

Let $p(x)$ and $q(x)$ non constant real polynomials of degree at most $n$ ($n > 1$). Show that there exists a non zero polynomial $F(x,y)$ in two variables with real coefficients of degree at most $2n-2,$ such that $F(p(t),q(t)) = 0$ for every $t\in \mathbb{R}$.

We have an acute-angled triangle $ABC$, and $AA',BB'$ are its altitudes. A point $D$ is chosen on the arc $ACB$ of the circumcircle of $ABC$. If $P=AA'\cap BD,Q=BB'\cap AD$, show that the midpoint of $PQ$ lies on $A'B'$.

Consider a $25\times25$ chessboard with cells $C(i,j)$ for $1\le i,j\le25$. Find the smallest possible number $n$ of colors with which these cells can be colored subject to the following condition: For $1\le i<j\le25$ and for $1\le s<t\le25$, the three cells $C(i,s)$, $C(j,s)$, $C(j,t)$ carry at least two different colors. (Proposed by Gerhard Woeginger, Austria)

The sequence $(a_n)$ is defined with the recursion $a_{n + 1} = 5a^6_n + 3a^3_{n-1} + a^2_{n-2}$ for $n\ge 2$ and the set of initial values $\{a_0, a_1, a_2\} = \{2013, 2014, 2015\}$. (That is, the initial values are these three numbers in any order.) Show that the sequence contains no sixth power of a natural number.

On the $2004$ iTest, we defined an [i]optimus [/i] prime to be any prime number whose digits sum to a prime number. (For example, $83$ is an optimus prime, because it is a prime number and its digits sum to $11$, which is also a prime number.) Given that you select a prime number under $100$, find the probability that is it not an optimus prime.

A grid consists of all points of the form $(m, n)$ where $m$ and $n$ are integers with $|m|\le 2019,|n| \le 2019$ and $|m| +|n| < 4038$. We call the points $(m,n)$ of the grid with either $|m| = 2019$ or $|n| = 2019$ the [i]boundary points[/i]. The four lines $x = \pm 2019$ and $y= \pm 2019$ are called [i]boundary lines[/i]. Two points in the grid are called [i]neighbours [/i] if the distance between them is equal to $1$. Anna and Bob play a game on this grid. Anna starts with a token at the point $(0,0)$. They take turns, with Bob playing first. 1) On each of his turns. Bob [i]deletes [/i] at most two boundary points on each boundary line. 2) On each of her turns. Anna makes exactly three [i]steps[/i] , where a [i]step [/i] consists of moving her token from its current point to any neighbouring point, which has not been deleted. As soon as Anna places her token on some boundary point which has not been deleted, the game is over and Anna wins. Does Anna have a winning strategy? [i]Proposed by Demetres Christofides, Cyprus[/i]

The diagonals of a convex quadrilateral $ABCD$ are orthogonal and intersect at point $E$. Prove that the reflections of $E$ in the sides of quadrilateral $ABCD$ lie on a circle.

A rectangle $R$ is partitioned into smaller rectangles whose sides are parallel with the sides of $R$. Let $B$ be the set of all boundary points of all the rectangles in the partition, including the boundary of $R$. Let S be the set of all (closed) segments whose points belong to $B$. Let a maximal segment be a segment in $S$ which is not a proper subset of any other segment in $S$. Let an intersection point be a point in which $4$ rectangles of the partition meet. Let $m$ be the number of maximal segments, $i$ the number of intersection points and $r$ the number of rectangles. Prove that $m + i = r + 3$.

There are two bowls on the table, in one there are $p$, in the other $q$ stones ($p, q \in N*$ ). Two players $A$ and $B$ take turns playing, starting with $A$. Who's turn: $\bullet$ takes a stone from one of the bowls $\bullet$or removes one stone from each bowl $\bullet$ or puts a stone from one of the bowls into the other. Whoever takes the last stone wins. Under what conditions can $A$ and under what conditions can $B$ force the win? The answer must be justified.

Determine the greatest positive integer $A{}$ with the following property: however we place the numbers $1,2,\ldots, 100$ on a $10\times 10$ board, each number appearing exactly once, we can find two numbers on the same row or column which differ by at least $A{}$.

Two ships sail on the sea with constant speeds and fixed directions. It is known that at $9:00$ the distance between them was $20$ miles; at $9:35$, $15$ miles; and at $9:55$, $13$ miles. At what moment were the ships the smallest distance from each other, and what was that distance ?

For every real number $ a, $ define the set $ A_a=\left\{ n\in\{ 0\}\cup\mathbb{N}\bigg|\sqrt{n^2+an}\in\{ 0\}\cup\mathbb{N}\right\} . $ [b]a)[/b] Show the equivalence: $ \# A_a\in\mathbb{N}\iff a\neq 0, $ where $ \# B $ is the cardinal of $ B. $ [b]b)[/b] Determine $ \max A_{40} . $

Prove that there do not exist natural numbers $x$ and $y$ with $x>1$ such that , \[ \frac{x^7-1}{x-1}=y^5+1 \]