Given a set $X$ and a function $f: X \rightarrow X$, for each $x \in X$ we define $f^1(x)=f(x)$ and, for each $j \ge 1$, $f^{j+1}(x)=f(f^j(x))$. We say that $a \in X$ is a fixed point of $f$ if $f(a)=a$. For each $x \in \mathbb{R}$, let $\pi (x)$ be the quantity of positive primes lesser or equal to $x$. Given an positive integer $n$, we say that $f: \{1,2, \dots, n\} \rightarrow \{1,2, \dots, n\}$ is [i]catracha[/i] if $f^{f(k)}(k)=k$, for every $k=1, 2, \dots n$. Prove that: (a) If $f$ is catracha, $f$ has at least $\pi (n) -\pi (\sqrt{n}) +1$ fixed points. (b) If $n \ge 36$, there exists a catracha function $f$ with exactly $ \pi (n) -\pi (\sqrt{n}) + 1$ fixed points.

Find the number of integers $1\leq k\leq1336$ such that $\binom{1337}{k}$ divides $\binom{1337}{k-1}\binom{1337}{k+1}$. [i]Proposed by Tristan Shin[/i]

In the following expression, Melanie changed some of the plus signs to minus signs: $$ 1 + 3+5+7+\cdots+97+99$$ When the new expression was evaluated, it was negative. What is the least number of plus signs that Melanie could have changed to minus signs? $ \textbf{(A) }14 \qquad \textbf{(B) }15 \qquad \textbf{(C) }16 \qquad \textbf{(D) }17 \qquad \textbf{(E) }18 \qquad $

Evaluate \[\int_0^{\pi} \{(1-x\sin 2x)e^{\cos ^2 x}+(1+x\sin 2x)e^{\sin ^ 2 x}\}\ dx.\]

Define alternate sum of a set of real numbers $A =\{a_1,a_2,...,a_k\}$ with $a_1 < a_2 <...< a_k$, the number $S(A) = a_k - a_{k-1} + a_{k-2} - ... + (-1)^{k-1}a_1$ (for example if $A = \{1,2,5, 7\}$ then $S(A) = 7 - 5 + 2 - 1$) Consider the alternate sums, of every subsets of $A = \{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,9, 10\}$ and sum them. What is the last digit of the sum obtained?

Let $ x,y$ be reals s.t. $ x^2\plus{}y^2\leq1$ and $ n$ a natural number.Prove that: $ (x^n\plus{}y)^2\plus{}y^2\geq\dfrac{1}{n\plus{}2}(x^2\plus{}y^2)^n$

Prove that a circle constructed with the side $AB$ of a triangle $ABC$ as a diameter touches the inscribed circle of the triangle $ABC$ if and only if the side $AB$ is equal to the radius of the exircle on that side.

[asy] real h = 7; real t = asin(6/h)/2; real x = 6-h*tan(t); real y = x*tan(2*t); draw((0,0)--(0,h)--(6,h)--(x,0)--cycle); draw((x,0)--(0,y)--(6,h)); draw((6,h)--(6,0)--(x,0),dotted); label("L",(3.75,h/2),W); label("$\theta$",(6,h-1.5),W);draw(arc((6,h),2,270,270-degrees(t)),Arrow(2mm)); label("6''",(3,0),S); draw((2.5,-.5)--(0,-.5),Arrow(2mm)); draw((3.5,-.5)--(6,-.5),Arrow(2mm)); draw((0,-.25)--(0,-.75));draw((6,-.25)--(6,-.75)); //Credit to Zimbalono for the diagram[/asy] A rectangular piece of paper $6$ inches wide is folded as in the diagram so that one corner touches the opposite side. The length in inches of the crease $L$ in terms of angle $\theta$ is $\textbf{(A) }3\sec ^2\theta\csc\theta\qquad\textbf{(B) }6\sin\theta\sec\theta\qquad\textbf{(C) }3\sec\theta\csc\theta\qquad\textbf{(D) }6\sec\theta\csc ^2\theta\qquad \textbf{(E) }\text{None of these}$

If $x^4+8x^3+18x^2+8x+a = 0$ has four distinct real roots, then the real set of $a$ is $ \textbf{(A)}\ (-9,2) \qquad \textbf{(B)}\ (-9,0) \qquad \textbf{(C)}\ [-9,0) \qquad \textbf{(D)}\ [-8,1) \qquad \textbf{(E)}\ (-8,1)$

Let $r_{1},r_{2},\ldots ,r_{n}$ be real numbers greater than or equal to 1. Prove that \[ \frac{1}{r_{1} + 1} + \frac{1}{r_{2} + 1} + \cdots +\frac{1}{r_{n}+1} \geq \frac{n}{ \sqrt[n]{r_{1}r_{2} \cdots r_{n}}+1}. \]

Let $ABCD$ be a convex quadrilateral such that the triangle $ABD$ is equilateral and the triangle $BCD$ is isosceles, with $\angle C = 90^o$. If $E$ is the midpoint of the side $AD$, determine the measure of the angle $\angle CED$.

For natural number $n$ and real numbers $\alpha$ and $x$ satisfy the inequalities $\alpha^{n+1}\le x\le1$ and $0<\alpha<1$. Prove that $$\prod_{k=1}^n\left|\frac{x-\alpha^k}{x+\alpha^k}\right|\le\prod_{k=1}^n\left|\frac{1-\alpha^k}{1+\alpha^k}\right|.$$ [i]Borislav Boyanov[/i]

Let $A,B$ be adjacent vertices of a regular $n$-gon ($n\ge5$) with center $O$. A triangle $XYZ$, which is congruent to and initially coincides with $OAB$, moves in the plane in such a way that $Y$ and $Z$ each trace out the whole boundary of the polygon, with $X$ remaining inside the polygon. Find the locus of $X$.

Let $p > 5$ be a prime. Suppose that $$\frac{1}{2^2} + \frac{1}{4^2}+ \frac{1}{6^2}+ ...+ \frac{1}{(p -1)^2} =\frac{a}{b}$$ where $a/b$ is a fraction in lowest terms. Show that $p | a$.

In the circumscircle of a triangle $ABC$, let $A_1$ be the point diametrically opposed to the vertex $A$. Let $A'$ the intersection point of $AA'$ and $BC$. The perpendicular to the line $AA'$ from $A'$ meets the sides $AB$ and $AC$ at $M$ and $N$, respectively. Prove that the points $A,M,A_1$ and $N$ lie on a circle which has the center on the height from $A$ of the triangle $ABC$.

Consider the pyramid $ VABCD, $ where $ V $ is the top and $ ABCD $ is a rectangular base. If $ \angle BVD = \angle AVC, $ then prove that the triangles $ VAC $ and $ VBD $ share the same perimeter and area.

Prove that for every set of $2n$ lines in the plane, such that there are no two parallel lines, there are two lines that divide the plane into four quadrants such that in each quadrant the number of unbounded regions is equal to $n$. [asy] unitsize(1cm); pair[] A, B; pair P, Q, R, S; A[1] = (0,5.2); B[1] = (6.1,0); A[2] = (1.5,5.5); B[2] = (3.5,0); A[3] = (6.8,5.5); B[3] = (1,0); A[4] = (7,4.5); B[4] = (0,4); P = extension(A[2],B[2],A[4],B[4]); Q = extension(A[3],B[3],A[4],B[4]); R = extension(A[1],B[1],A[2],B[2]); S = extension(A[1],B[1],A[3],B[3]); fill(P--Q--S--R--cycle, palered); fill(A[4]--(7,0)--B[1]--S--Q--cycle, paleblue); draw(A[1]--B[1]); draw(A[2]--B[2]); draw(A[3]--B[3]); draw(A[4]--B[4]); label("Bounded region", (3.5,3.7), fontsize(8)); label("Unbounded region", (5.4,2.5), fontsize(8)); [/asy]

Let $r_1=2$ and $r_n = \prod^{n-1}_{k=1} r_i + 1$, $n \geq 2.$ Prove that among all sets of positive integers such that $\sum^{n}_{k=1} \frac{1}{a_i} < 1,$ the partial sequences $r_1,r_2, ... , r_n$ are the one that gets nearer to 1.

Find all real polynomials $P(x)$ such that for every four distinct natural numbers $a, b, c, d$ such that $a^2 + b^2 + c^2 = 2d^2$ with $gcd(a, b, c, d) = 1$ the following equality holds: $$2(P(d))^2 + 2P(ab + bc + ca) = (P(a + b + c))^2$$ .

Let an odd prime $p$ be a given number satisfying $2^h \neq 1 \pmod{p}$ for all $h < p-1, h \in \mathbb{N}^{*},$ and an even integer $a \in \left(\frac{p}{2},p \right).$ Let us consider the sequence $\{a_n\}^{\infty}_{n=0}$ defined by $a_0 = a$ and $a_{n+1} = p - b_n$ for $n = 0, 1, 2, \ldots$, where $b_n$ is the greatest odd divisor of $a_n.$ Show that $\{a_n\}$ is periodical and find its least positive period.

4. Find the biggest positive integer $n$, lesser thar $2012$, that has the following property: If $p$ is a prime divisor of $n$, then $p^2 - 1$ is a divisor of $n$.

Sarah intended to multiply a two-digit number and a three-digit number, but she left out the multiplication sign and simply placed the two-digit number to the left of the three-digit number, thereby forming a five-digit number. This number is exactly nine times the product Sarah should have obtained. What is the sum of the two-digit number and the three-digit number?

Right triangle $\triangle{}ABC$ has $\angle{}C=90^{\circ{}}$. A fly is trapped inside $\triangle{}ABC$. It starts at point $D$, the foot of the altitude from $C$ to $\overline{AB}$, and then makes a (finite) sequence of moves. In each move, it flies in a direction parallel to either $\overline{AC}$ or $\overline{BC}$; upon reaching a leg of the triangle, it then flies to a point on $\overline{AB}$ in a direction parallel to $\overline{CD}$. For example, on its first move, the fly can move to either of the points $Y_1$ or $Y_2$, as shown. [asy] pair C = (0,0); pair A = (0,4); pair B = (5,0); draw(C--A); draw(C--B); draw(B--A); dot(A); dot(B); dot(C); label("$A$",A,NW); label("$C$",C,SW); label("$B$",B,SE); pair D = foot(C,A,B); draw(C--D,dotted); label("$D$",D,NE); dot(D); draw(rightanglemark(A,C,B)); pair B1 = foot(D,C,B); draw(D--B1,dotted); pair A1 = foot(D,A,C); draw(D--A1,dotted); pair Y1 = foot(A1,A,D); draw(A1--Y1,dotted); dot(Y1); label("$Y_1$",Y1,NE); pair Y2 = foot(B1,D,B); draw(B1--Y2,dotted); dot(Y2); label("$Y_2$",Y2,NE); draw(rightanglemark(C,A1,D)); draw(rightanglemark(C,B1,D)); draw(rightanglemark(B1,Y2,D)); draw(rightanglemark(A1,Y1,D)); draw(rightanglemark(C,D,A)); [/asy] Let $P$ and $Q$ be distinct points on $\overline{AB}$. Show that the fly can reach some point on $\overline{PQ}$.

Find all real functions $f$ defined on the real numbers except zero, satisfying $f(2019) = 1$ and $f(x)f(y)+ f\left(\frac{2019}{x}\right) f\left(\frac{2019}{y}\right) =2f(xy)$ for all $x,y \ne 0$

Given a triangle $ABC$. The circle $\omega_1$ passes through the vertex $B$ and touches the side $AC$ at the point $A$, and the circle $\omega_2$ passes through the vertex $C$ and touches the side $AB$ at the point $A$. The circles $\omega_1$ and $\omega_2$ intersect a second time at the point $D$. The line $AD$ intersects the circumcircle of the triangle $ABC$ at point $E$. Prove that $D$ is the midpoint of $AE$..