[b]4.[/b] We see, in Figures 1 and 2, examples of lock screens from a cellphone that only works with a password that is not typed but drawn with straight line segments. Those segments form a polygonal line with vertices in a lattice. When drawing the pattern that corresponds to a password, the finger can't lose contact with the screen. Every polygonal line corresponds to a sequence of digits and this sequence is, in fact, the password. The tracing of the polygonal obeys the following rules: [i]i.[/i] The tracing starts at some of the detached points which correspond to the digits from $1$ to $9$ (Figure 3). [i]ii.[/i] Each segment of the pattern must have as one of its extremes (on which we end the tracing of the segment) a point that has not been used yet. [i]iii.[/i] If a segment connects two points and contains a third one (its middle point), then the corresponding digit to this third point is included in the password. That does not happen if this point/digit has already been used. [i]iv.[/i] Every password has at least four digits. Thus, every polygonal line is associated to a sequence of four or more digits, which appear in the password in the same order that they are visited. In Figure 1, for instance, the password is 218369, if the first point visited was $2$. Notice how the segment connecting the points associated with $3$ and $9$ includes the points associated to digit $6$. If the first visited point were the $9$, then the password would be $963812$. If the first visited point were the $6$, then the password would be $693812$. In this case, the $6$ would be skipped, because it can't be repeated. On the other side, the polygonal line of Figure 2 is associated to a unique password. Determine the smallest $n (n \geq 4)$ such that, given any subset of $n$ digits from $1$ to $9$, it's possible to elaborate a password that involves exactly those digits in some order.

Find all intengers n such that $2^n - 1$ is a multiple of 3 and $(2^n - 1)/3$ is a divisor of $4m^2 + 1$ for some intenger m.

You have a collection of at least two tokens where each one has a number less than or equal to 10 written on it. The sum of the numbers on the tokens is \( S \). Find all possible values of \( S \) that guarantee that the tokens can be separated into two groups such that the sum of each group does not exceed 80.

In a regular 100-gon, 41 vertices are colored black and the remaining 59 vertices are colored white. Prove that there exist 24 convex quadrilaterals $Q_{1}, \ldots, Q_{24}$ whose corners are vertices of the 100-gon, so that [list] [*] the quadrilaterals $Q_{1}, \ldots, Q_{24}$ are pairwise disjoint, and [*] every quadrilateral $Q_{i}$ has three corners of one color and one corner of the other color. [/list]

Determine the maximal length $L$ of a sequence $a_1,\dots,a_L$ of positive integers satisfying both the following properties: [list=disc] [*]every term in the sequence is less than or equal to $2^{2023}$, and [*]there does not exist a consecutive subsequence $a_i,a_{i+1},\dots,a_j$ (where $1\le i\le j\le L$) with a choice of signs $s_i,s_{i+1},\dots,s_j\in\{1,-1\}$ for which \[s_ia_i+s_{i+1}a_{i+1}+\dots+s_ja_j=0.\] [/list]

There are several dominoes on a board such that each domino occupies two adjacent cells and none of the dominoes are adjacent by side or vertex. The bottom left and top right cells of the board are free. A token starts at the bottom left cell and can move to a cell adjacent by side: one step to the right or upwards at each turn. Is it always possible to move from the bottom left to the top right cell without passing through dominoes if the size of the board is a) $100 \times 101$ cells and b) $100 \times 100$ cells? [i]Nikolay Chernyatiev[/i]

Prove that no number of the form $10^{-n}$, $n\geq 1,$ can be represented as the sum of reciprocals of factorials of different positive integers.

There are $12$ points on a circle. Four checkers, one red, one yellow, one green and one blue sit at neighboring points. In one move any checker can be moved four points to the left or right, onto the fifth point, if it is empty. If after several moves the checkers appear again at the four original points, how might their order have changed?

Triangle $ABC$ has $AB=13$, $BC=14$, and $AC=15$. Let $P$ lie on $\overline{BC}$, and let $D$ and $E$ be the feet of the perpendiculars from $P$ onto $\overline{AB}$ and $\overline{AC}$ respectively. If $AD=AE$, find this common length. [i]Proposed by Connor Gordon[/i]

Let $a$, $b$, $n$ be positive integers with $a,b > 1$ and $\gcd(a,b) = 1$. Prove that $n$ divides $\phi\left(a^{n}+b^{n}\right)$.

[b]p1.[/b] Isosceles trapezoid $ABCD$ has $AB = 2$, $BC = DA =\sqrt{17}$, and $CD = 4$. Point $E$ lies on $\overline{CD}$ such that $\overline{AE}$ splits $ABCD$ into two polygons of equal area. What is $DE$? [b]p2.[/b] At the Berkeley Sandwich Parlor, the famous BMT sandwich consists of up to five ingredients between the bread slices. These ingredients can be either bacon, mayo, or tomato, and ingredients of the same type are indistiguishable. If there must be at least one of each ingredient in the sandwich, and the order in which the ingredients are placed in the sandwich matters, how many possible ways are there to prepare a BMT sandwich? [b]p3.[/b] Three mutually externally tangent circles have radii $2$, $3$, and $3$. A fourth circle, distinct from the other three circles, is tangent to all three other circles. The sum of all possible radii of the fourth circle can be expressed as $\frac{m}{n}$ , where $m$ and $n$ are relatively prime positive integers. Compute $m + n$. PS. You had better use hide for answers. Collected [url=https://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c5h2760506p24143309]here[/url].

On a plane are given three non-collinear points $A, B, C$. We are given a disk of diameter different from that of the circle passing through $A, B, C$ large enough to cover all three points. Construct the fourth vertex of the parallelogram $ABCD$ using only this disk (The disk is to be used as a circular ruler, for constructing a circle passing through two given points).

The expression $ 2 \plus{} \sqrt{2} \plus{} \frac{1}{2 \plus{} \sqrt{2}} \plus{} \frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \minus{} 2}$ equals: $ \textbf{(A)}\ 2\qquad \textbf{(B)}\ 2 \minus{} \sqrt{2}\qquad \textbf{(C)}\ 2 \plus{} \sqrt{2}\qquad \textbf{(D)}\ 2\sqrt{2}\qquad \textbf{(E)}\ \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}$

Altitudes $AD$ and $BE$ of an acute triangle $ABC$ intersect at $H$. Let $P \ne E$ be the point of tangency of the circle with radius $HE$ centred at $H$ with its tangent line going through point $C$, and let $Q \ne E$ be the point of tangency of the circle with radius $BE$ centred at $B$ with its tangent line going through $C$. Prove that the points $D, P$ and $Q$ are collinear.

Let $\triangle ABC$ be an acute triangle. Point $Z$ is on $A$ altitude and points $X$ and $Y$ are on the $B$ and $C$ altitudes out of the triangle respectively, such that: $\angle AYB=\angle BZC=\angle CXA=90$ Prove that $X$,$Y$ and $Z$ are collinear, if and only if the length of the tangent drawn from $A$ to the nine point circle of $\triangle ABC$ is equal with the sum of the lengths of the tangents drawn from $B$ and $C$ to the nine point circle of $\triangle ABC$.

The lengths of the altitudes of $\triangle{ABC}$ are the roots of the polynomial $x^3-34x^2+360x-1200.$ Find the area of $\triangle{ABC}.$

Find all positive integers $ a$ and $ b$ such that $ \frac{a^{4}\plus{}a^{3}\plus{}1}{a^{2}b^{2}\plus{}ab^{2}\plus{}1}$ is an integer.

A sphere is inscribed in a truncated right circular cone as shown. The volume of the truncated cone is twice that of the sphere. What is the ratio of the radius of the bottom base of the truncated cone to the radius of the top base of the truncated cone? [asy] real r=(3+sqrt(5))/2; real s=sqrt(r); real Brad=r; real brad=1; real Fht = 2*s; import graph3; import solids; currentprojection=orthographic(1,0,.2); currentlight=(10,10,5); revolution sph=sphere((0,0,Fht/2),Fht/2); //draw(surface(sph),green+white+opacity(0.5)); //triple f(pair t) {return (t.x*cos(t.y),t.x*sin(t.y),t.x^(1/n)*sin(t.y/n));} triple f(pair t) { triple v0 = Brad*(cos(t.x),sin(t.x),0); triple v1 = brad*(cos(t.x),sin(t.x),0)+(0,0,Fht); return (v0 + t.y*(v1-v0)); } triple g(pair t) { return (t.y*cos(t.x),t.y*sin(t.x),0); } surface sback=surface(f,(3pi/4,0),(7pi/4,1),80,2); surface sfront=surface(f,(7pi/4,0),(11pi/4,1),80,2); surface base = surface(g,(0,0),(2pi,Brad),80,2); draw(sback,rgb(0,1,0)); draw(sfront,rgb(.3,1,.3)); draw(base,rgb(.4,1,.4)); draw(surface(sph),rgb(.3,1,.3)); [/asy] $ \textbf {(A) } \dfrac {3}{2} \qquad \textbf {(B) } \dfrac {1+\sqrt{5}}{2} \qquad \textbf {(C) } \sqrt{3} \qquad \textbf {(D) } 2 \qquad \textbf {(E) } \dfrac {3+\sqrt{5}}{2} $

The vertices of $\Delta ABC$ lie on the graphics of the function $f(x)=x^2$ and its centroid is $M(1,7)$. Determine the greatest possible value of the area of $\Delta ABC$.

Inside the parallelogram $ABCD$, point $E$ is chosen, such that $AE = DE$ and $\angle ABE = 90^o$. Point $F$ is the midpoint of the side $BC$ . Find the measure of the angle $\angle DFE$.

Let $S$ be the set of all positive rational numbers $r$ such that when the two numbers $r$ and $55r$ are written as fractions in lowest terms, the sum of the numerator and denominator of one fraction is the same as the sum of the numerator and denominator of the other fraction. The sum of all the elements of $S$ can be expressed in the form $\frac{p}{q}$, where $p$ and $q$ are relatively prime positive integers. Find $p+q$.

It is known that $a+\frac{b^2}{a}=b+\frac{a^2}{b}$. Is it true that $a=b$, where $a$ and $b$ are nonzero real numbers? Proposed by R.Fedorov

Let $a,b$ and $c$ be positive integers, no two of which have a common divisor greater than $1$. Show that $2abc-ab-bc-ca$ is the largest integer which cannot be expressed in the form $xbc+yca+zab$, where $x,y,z$ are non-negative integers.

Determine the largest positive integer $n$ for which there exists a set $S$ with exactly $n$ numbers such that [list][*] each member in $S$ is a positive integer not exceeding $2002$, [*] if $a,b\in S$ (not necessarily different), then $ab\not\in S$. [/list]

Let $ ABC$ be a triangle, and let $ P$, $ Q$, $ R$ be three points in the interiors of the sides $ BC$, $ CA$, $ AB$ of this triangle. Prove that the area of at least one of the three triangles $ AQR$, $ BRP$, $ CPQ$ is less than or equal to one quarter of the area of triangle $ ABC$. [i]Alternative formulation:[/i] Let $ ABC$ be a triangle, and let $ P$, $ Q$, $ R$ be three points on the segments $ BC$, $ CA$, $ AB$, respectively. Prove that $ \min\left\{\left|AQR\right|,\left|BRP\right|,\left|CPQ\right|\right\}\leq\frac14\cdot\left|ABC\right|$, where the abbreviation $ \left|P_1P_2P_3\right|$ denotes the (non-directed) area of an arbitrary triangle $ P_1P_2P_3$.