Prove that for any $p>2$ prime number, there exists only one positive number $n$ that makes the equation $n^2-np$ a perfect square of a positive integer

Points $T,P,H$ lie on the side $BC,AC,AB$ respectively of triangle $ABC$, so that $BP$ and $AT$ are angle bisectors and $CH$ is an altitude of $ABC$. Given that the midpoint of $CH$ belongs to the segment $PT,$ find the value of $\cos A + \cos B$ I. Voronovich

For any positive integer $n$, define the subset $S_n$ of natural numbers as follow $$ S_n = \left\{x^2+ny^2 : x,y \in \mathbb{Z} \right\}.$$ Find all positive integers $n$ such that there exists an element of $S_n$ which [u]doesn't belong[/u] to any of the sets $S_1, S_2,\dots,S_{n-1}$. [i]Proposed by Yahya Motevassel[/i]

A rectangle with a diagonal of length $ x$ is twice as long as it is wide. What is the area of the rectangle? $ \textbf{(A)}\ \frac14x^2 \qquad \textbf{(B)}\ \frac25x^2 \qquad \textbf{(C)}\ \frac12x^2 \qquad \textbf{(D)}\ x^2 \qquad \textbf{(E)}\ \frac32x^2$

On the side $AB$ of a triangle $ABC$ is chosen a point $P$. Let $Q$ be the midpoint of $BC$ and let $CP$ and $AQ$ intersect at $R$. If $AB + AP = CP$, prove that $CR = AB$.

Let $ABC$ be a triangle. Construct three circles $k_1$, $k_2$, and $k_3$ with the same radius such that they intersect each other at a common point $O$ inside the triangle $ABC$ and $k_1\cap k_2=\{A,O\}$, $k_2 \cap k_3=\{B,O\}$, $k_3\cap k_1=\{C,O\}$. Let $t_a$ be a common tangent of circles $k_1$ and $k_2$ such that $A$ is closer to $t_a$ than $O$. Define $t_b$ and $t_c$ similarly. Those three tangents determine a triangle $MNP$ such that the triangle $ABC$ is inside the triangle $MNP$. Prove that the area of $MNP$ is at least $9$ times the area of $ABC$.

We are given five equal-looking weights of pairwise distinct masses. For any three weights $A$, $B$, $C$, we can check by a measuring if $m(A) < m(B) < m(C)$, where $m(X)$ denotes the mass of a weight $X$ (the answer is [i]yes[/i] or [i]no[/i].) Can we always arrange the masses of the weights in the increasing order with at most nine measurings?

Integers $a$ and $b$ are randomly chosen without replacement from the set of integers with absolute value not exceeding $10$. What is the probability that the polynomial $x^3 + ax^2 + bx + 6$ has $3$ distinct integer roots? $\textbf{(A)} \frac{1}{240} \qquad \textbf{(B)} \frac{1}{221} \qquad \textbf{(C)} \frac{1}{105} \qquad \textbf{(D)} \frac{1}{84} \qquad \textbf{(E)} \frac{1}{63}$.

(F.Nilov) Given quadrilateral $ ABCD$. Find the locus of points such that their projections to the lines $ AB$, $ BC$, $ CD$, $ DA$ form a quadrilateral with perpendicular diagonals.

Let $ABC$ be a triangle with circumcircle $\omega$ and let $\Omega_A$ be the $A$-excircle. Let $X$ and $Y$ be the intersection points of $\omega$ and $\Omega_A$. Let $P$ and $Q$ be the projections of $A$ onto the tangent lines to $\Omega_A$ at $X$ and $Y$ respectively. The tangent line at $P$ to the circumcircle of the triangle $APX$ intersects the tangent line at $Q$ to the circumcircle of the triangle $AQY$ at a point $R$. Prove that $\overline{AR} \perp \overline{BC}$.

What is the units digit of $13^{2012}$ ? $\textbf{(A)}\hspace{.05in}1 \qquad \textbf{(B)}\hspace{.05in}3 \qquad \textbf{(C)}\hspace{.05in}5 \qquad \textbf{(D)}\hspace{.05in}7 \qquad \textbf{(E)}\hspace{.05in}9 $

There are $100$ cities in Matland. Every road in Matland connects two cities, does not pass through any other city and does not form crossroads with other roads (although roads can go through tunnels one after the other). Driving in Matlandia by road, it is possible to get from any city to any other. Prove that that it is possible to repair some of the roads of Matlandia so that from an odd number of repaired roads would go in each city.

Let $\triangle ABC$ with $\angle BAC=120 ^\circ$. Let $D, E, F$ points on sides $BC, CA, AB$, respectively, such that $AD, BE, CF$ are angle bisectors on $\triangle ABC$. \\ Prove that $\triangle ABC$ is isosceles if and only if $\triangle DEF$ is right-angled isosceles.

A polynomial $A(x)$ is said to be [i]simple[/i] if $A(x)$ is divisible by $x$ but not divisible by $x^2$. Suppose that a polynomial $P(x)$ has a simple polynomial $Q(x)$ such that $P(Q(x))-Q(2x)$ is divisible by $x^2$. Prove that there exists a simple polynomial $R(x)$ such that $P(R(x))-R(2x)$ is divisible by $x^{2023}$.

Let integer $n\ge 3,$ $\tbinom n2$ nonnegative real numbers $a_{i,j}$ satisfy $ a_{i,j}+a_{j,k}\le a_{i,k}$ holds for all $1\le i <j<k\le n$. Proof $$\left\lfloor\frac{n^2}4\right\rfloor\sum_{1\le i<j\le n}a_{i,j}^4\ge \left(\sum_{1\le i<j\le n}a_{i,j}^2\right)^2.$$ [i]Proposed by Jingjun Han, Dongyi Wei[/i]

We are given a natural number $k$. Let us consider the following game on an infinite onedimensional board. At the start of the game, we distrubute $n$ coins on the fields of the given board (one field can have multiple coins on itself). After that, we have two choices for the following moves: $(i)$ We choose two nonempty fields next to each other, and we transfer all the coins from one of the fields to the other. $(ii)$ We choose a field with at least $2$ coins on it, and we transfer one coin from the chosen field to the $k-\mathrm{th}$ field on the left , and one coin from the chosen field to the $k-\mathrm{th}$ field on the right. $\mathbf{(a)}$ If $n\leq k+1$, prove that we can play only finitely many moves. $\mathbf{(b)}$ For which values of $k$ we can choose a natural number $n$ and distribute $n$ coins on the given board such that we can play infinitely many moves.

There are $2021$ points on a circle. Kostya marks a point, then marks the adjacent point to the right, then he marks the point two to its right, then three to the next point's right, and so on. Which move will be the first time a point is marked twice? [i]K. Kokhas[/i]

Points $M$ and $N$ are taken on the sides $BC$ and $CD$ respectively of a square $ABCD$ so that $\angle MAN=45^{\circ}$. Prove that the circumcentre of $\triangle AMN$ lies on $AC$.

Let $a$ be the largest root of the equation $x^3 - 3x^2 + 1 = 0$. Find the first $200$ decimal digits for the number $a^{2000}$.

Let $ABC$ be an isosceles acute triangle ($AB = BC$). On the side $BC$ we mark a point $P$, such that $\angle PAC = 45^o$, and $Q$ is the point of intersection of the perpendicular bisector of the segment $AP$ with the side $AB$. Prove that $PQ \perp BC$.

We create a sequence by setting $a_1 = 2010$ and requiring that $a_n-a_{n-1}\leq n$ and $a_n$ is also divisible by $n$. Show that $a_{100},a_{101},a_{102},\dots$ form an arithmetic sequence.

Determine all functions $f: \mathbb{Z}\to\mathbb{Z}$ satisfying the following property: For each pair of integers $m$ and $n$ (not necessarily distinct), $\mathrm{gcd}(m, n)$ divides $f(m) + f(n)$. Note: If $n\in\mathbb{Z}$, $\mathrm{gcd}(m, n)=\mathrm{gcd}(|m|, |n|)$ and $\mathrm{gcd}(n, 0)=n$.

What is the largest $n$ such that there exists a non-degenerate convex $n$-gon such that each of its angles are an integer number of degrees, and are all distinct?

Let $A$ and $B$ be rectangles in the plane and $f : A \rightarrow B$ be a mapping which is uniform on the interior of $A$, maps the boundary of $A$ homeomorphically to the boundary of $B$ by mapping the sides of $A$ to corresponding sides in $B$. Prove that $f$ is an affine transformation.

Let $f(x) = x^3 + 3x - 1$ have roots $ a, b, c$. Given that $\frac{1}{a^3 + b^3}+\frac{1}{b^3 + c^3}+\frac{1}{c^3 + a^3}$ can be written as $\frac{m}{n}$, where $m, n$ are positive integers and $gcd(m, n) = 1$, find $100m + n$.