Olympiad problems

1964 Vietnam National Olympiad, 1

Given an arbitrary angle $\alpha$, compute $cos \alpha + cos \big( \alpha +\frac{2\pi }{3 }\big) + cos \big( \alpha +\frac{4\pi }{3 }\big)$ and $sin \alpha + sin \big( \alpha +\frac{2\pi }{3 } \big) + sin \big( \alpha +\frac{4\pi }{3 } \big)$ . Generalize this result and justify your answer.

2000 Switzerland Team Selection Test, 4

Tags: sum , sum of digits , number theory

Let $q(n)$ denote the sum of the digits of a natural number $n$. Determine $q(q(q(2000^{2000})))$.

2004 Estonia Team Selection Test, 4

Tags: trigonometry , sum , rational , algebra

Denote $f(m) =\sum_{k=1}^m (-1)^k cos \frac{k\pi}{2 m + 1}$ For which positive integers $m$ is $f(m)$ rational?

1980 Bundeswettbewerb Mathematik, 4

Tags: sequence , sum , number theory

Consider the sequence $a_1, a_2, a_3, \ldots$ with $$ a_n = \frac{1}{n(n+1)}.$$ In how many ways can the number $\frac{1}{1980}$ be represented as the sum of finitely many consecutive terms of this sequence?

2014 Greece JBMO TST, 3

Tags: number theory , consecutive , sum , multiple

Give are the integers $a_{1}=11 , a_{2}=1111, a_{3}=111111, ... , a_{n}= 1111...111$( with $2n$ digits) with $n > 8$ . Let $q_{i}= \frac{a_{i}}{11} , i= 1,2,3, ... , n$ the remainder of the division of $a_{i}$ by$ 11$ . Prove that the sum of nine consecutive quotients: $s_{i}=q_{i}+q_{i+1}+q_{i+2}+ ... +q_{i+8}$ is a multiple of $9$ for any $i= 1,2,3, ... , (n-8)$

1985 Tournament Of Towns, (102) 6

Tags: sequence , sum , integer part , recurrence relation , algebra

The numerical sequence $x_1 , x_2 ,.. $ satisfies $x_1 = \frac12$ and $x_{k+1} =x^2_k+x_k$ for all natural integers $k$ . Find the integer part of the sum $\frac{1}{x_1+1}+\frac{1}{x_2+1}+...+\frac{1}{x_{100}+1}$ {A. Andjans, Riga)

2019 Nigerian Senior MO Round 3, 3

Tags: number theory , sum , gcd , greatest common divisor

Show that $$5^{2019} \mid \Sigma^{5^{2019}}_{k=1}3^{gcd (5^{2019},k)}$$

2004 Bosnia and Herzegovina Junior BMO TST, 3

Tags: algebra , sum , fraction

Let $a, b, c, d$ be reals such that $\frac{a}{b}+\frac{b}{c}+\frac{c}{d}+\frac{d}{a}= 7$ and $\frac{a}{c}+\frac{b}{d}+\frac{c}{a}+\frac{d}{b}= 12$. Find the value of $w =\frac{a}{b}+\frac{c}{d}$ .

1997 Abels Math Contest (Norwegian MO), 1

Tags: perfect square , sum , number theory

We call a positive integer $n$ [i]happy [/i] if there exist integers $a,b$ such that $a^2+b^2 = n$. If $t$ is happy, show that (a) $2t$ is [i]happy[/i], (b) $3t$ is not [i]happy[/i]

2015 Silk Road, 3

Tags: sequence , sum , combinatorics , string

Let $B_n$ be the set of all sequences of length $n$, consisting of zeros and ones. For every two sequences $a,b \in B_n$ (not necessarily different) we define strings $\varepsilon_0\varepsilon_1\varepsilon_2 \dots \varepsilon_n$ and $\delta_0\delta_1\delta_2 \dots \delta_n$ such that $\varepsilon_0=\delta_0=0$ and $$ \varepsilon_{i+1}=(\delta_i-a_{i+1})(\delta_i-b_{i+1}), \quad \delta_{i+1}=\delta_i+(-1)^{\delta_i}\varepsilon_{i+1} \quad (0 \leq i \leq n-1). $$. Let $w(a,b)=\varepsilon_0+\varepsilon_1+\varepsilon_2+\dots +\varepsilon_n$ . Find $f(n)=\sum\limits_{a,b \in {B_n}} {w(a,b)} $. .

2009 QEDMO 6th, 4

Tags: sum , algebra , combination

Let $a$ and $b$ be two real numbers and let $n$ be a nonnegative integer. Then prove that $$\sum_{k=0}^{n} {n \choose k} (a + k)^k (b - k)^{n-k} = \sum_{k=0}^{n} \frac{n!}{t!} (a + b)^t $$

1948 Moscow Mathematical Olympiad, 141

Tags: number theory , sum , reciprocal

The sum of the reciprocals of three positive integers is equal to $1$. What are all the possible such triples?

2013 India PRMO, 10

Tags: algebra , sum

Carol was given three numbers and was asked to add the largest of the three to the product of the other two. Instead, she multiplied the largest with the sum of the other two, but still got the right answer. What is the sum of the three numbers?

Kvant 2020, M942

Tags: sum

We divide the set $\{1,2,\cdots,2n\}$ into two disjoint sets : $\{a_1,a_2,\cdots,a_n\}$ and $\{b_1,b_2,\cdots,b_n\}$ such that : $$a_1<a_2<\cdots<a_n\text{ and } b_1>b_2>\cdots>b_n.$$ Show that : $$|a_1-b_1|+\cdots+|a_n-b_n|=n^2. $$

1953 Poland - Second Round, 2

Tags: algebra , sum

The board was placed $$ \begin{array}{rcl} 1 & = & 1 \\ 2 + 3 + 4 & = & 1 + 8 \\ 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 & = & 8 + 27\\ 10 + 11 + 12 + 13 + 14 + 15 + 16 & = & 27 + 64\\ & \ldots & \end{array}$$ Write such a formula for the $ n $-th row of the array that, with the substitutions $ n = 1, 2, 3, 4 $, would give the above four lines of the array and would be true for every natural $ n $.

2015 Dutch IMO TST, 4

Tags: maximum value , maximum , combinatorics , sum , coloring

Each of the numbers $1$ up to and including $2014$ has to be coloured; half of them have to be coloured red the other half blue. Then you consider the number $k$ of positive integers that are expressible as the sum of a red and a blue number. Determine the maximum value of $k$ that can be obtained.

1989 Romania Team Selection Test, 1

Tags: combinatorics , sum , number theory

Let $M$ denote the set of $m\times n$ matrices with entries in the set $\{0,1,2,3,4\}$ such that in each row and each column the sum of elements is divisible by $5$. Find the cardinality of set $M$.

1981 Spain Mathematical Olympiad, 1

Tags: sum , algebra

Calculate the sum of $n$ addends $$7 + 77 + 777 +...+ 7... 7.$$

2006 Dutch Mathematical Olympiad, 3

Tags: sum , minimum , arithmetic progression , algebra

$1+2+3+4+5+6=6+7+8$. What is the smallest number $k$ greater than $6$ for which: $1 + 2 +...+ k = k + (k+1) +...+ n$, with $n$ an integer greater than $k$ ?

2014 AIME Problems, 7

Tags: trigonometry , logarithm , sum

Let $f(x) = (x^2+3x+2)^{\cos(\pi x)}$. Find the sum of all positive integers $n$ for which \[\left| \sum_{k=1}^n \log_{10} f(k) \right| = 1.\]

1980 All Soviet Union Mathematical Olympiad, 285

Tags: combinatorics , combinatorial geometry , sum

The vertical side of a square is divided onto $n$ segments. The sum of the segments with even numbers lengths equals to the sum of the segments with odd numbers lengths. $n-1$ lines parallel to the horizontal sides are drawn from the segments ends, and, thus, $n$ strips are obtained. The diagonal is drawn from the lower left corner to the upper right one. This diagonal divides every strip onto left and right parts. Prove that the sum of the left parts of odd strips areas equals to the sum of the right parts of even strips areas.

2004 Thailand Mathematical Olympiad, 5

Tags: algebra , sum , equation , radical

Let $n$ be a given positive integer. Find the solution set of the equation $\sum_{k=1}^{2n} \sqrt{x^2 -2kx + k^2} =|2nx - n - 2n^2|$

2018 Greece JBMO TST, 3

Tags: algebra , combinatorics , maximum , sum , sum of powers

$12$ friends play a tennis tournament, where each plays only one game with any of the other eleven. Winner gets one points. Loser getos zero points, and there is no draw. Final points of the participants are $B_1, B_2, ..., B_{12}$. Find the largest possible value of the sum $\Sigma_3=B_1^3+B_2^3+ ... + B_{12}^3$ .

2010 Junior Balkan Team Selection Tests - Romania, 3

Tags: inequalities , sum , algebra

We consider the real numbers $a _ 1, a _ 2, a _ 3, a _ 4, a _ 5$ with the zero sum and the property that $| a _ i - a _ j | \le 1$ , whatever it may be $i,j \in \{1, 2, 3, 4, 5 \} $. Show that $a _ 1 ^ 2 + a _ 2 ^ 2 + a _ 3 ^ 2 + a _ 4 ^ 2 + a _ 5 ^ 2 \le \frac {6} {5}$ .

2018 Saudi Arabia BMO TST, 2

Tags: combinatorics , sum , product

Suppose that $2018$ numbers $1$ and $-1$ are written around a circle. For every two adjacent numbers, their product is taken. Suppose that the sum of all $2018$ products is negative. Find all possible values of sum of $2018$ given numbers.