Olympiad problems

MOAA Team Rounds, 2019.10

Let $S$ be the set of all four digit palindromes (a palindrome is a number that reads the same forwards and backwards). The average value of $|m - n|$ over all ordered pairs $(m, n)$, where $m$ and $n$ are (not necessarily distinct) elements of $S$, is equal to $p/q$ , for relatively prime positive integers $p$ and $q$. Find $p + q$.

2014 Postal Coaching, 1

Tags: function , number theory

Let $d(n)$ denote the number of positive divisors of the positive integer $n$.Determine those numbers $n$ for which $d(n^3)=5d(n)$.

2022 Federal Competition For Advanced Students, P2, 6

Tags: combinatorics , tiles , tiling

(a) Prove that a square with sides $1000$ divided into $31$ squares tiles, at least one of which has a side length less than $1$. (b) Show that a corresponding decomposition into $30$ squares is also possible. [i](Walther Janous)[/i]

2015 Indonesia MO Shortlist, N6

Tags: number theory , divisible , subset , set

Defined as $N_0$ as the set of all non-negative integers. Set $S \subset N_0$ with not so many elements is called beautiful if for every $a, b \in S$ with $a \ge b$ ($a$ and $b$ do not have to be different), exactly one of $a + b$ or $a - b$ is in $S$. Set $T \subset N_0$ with not so many elements is called charming if the largest number $k$ such that up to 3$^k | a$ is the same for each element $a \in T$. Prove that each beautiful set must be charming.

2014 Tuymaada Olympiad, 1

Tags: number theory

Given are three different primes. What maximum number of these primes can divide their sum? [i](A. Golovanov)[/i]

2008 Regional Olympiad of Mexico Center Zone, 2

Tags: geometry , similar triangles

Let $ABC$ be a triangle with incenter $I $, the line $AI$ intersects $BC$ at $ L$ and the circumcircle of $ABC$ at $L'$. Show that the triangles $BLI$ and $L'IB$ are similar if and only if $AC = AB + BL$.

2016 Auckland Mathematical Olympiad, 5

Tags: combinatorics

In a city at every square exactly three roads meet, one is called street, one is an avenue, and one is a crescent. Most roads connect squares but three roads go outside of the city. Prove that among the roads going out of the city one is a street, one is an avenue and one is a crescent.

1989 Putnam, A6

Tags: calculus , power series

Let $\alpha=1+a_1x+a_2x^2+\ldots$ be a formal power series with coefficients in the field of two elements. Let $$a_n=\begin{cases}1&\text{if every block of zeroes in the binary expansion of }n\text{ has an even number of zeroes}\\0&\text{otherwise}\end{cases}$$(For example, $a_{36}=1$ since $36=100100_2$) Prove that $\alpha^3+x\alpha+1=0$.

2006 Miklós Schweitzer, 9

Tags: topology , homeomorphism , absolute continuity

Does the circle T = R / Z have a self-homeomorphism $\phi$ that is singular (that is, its derivative is almost everywhere 0), but the mapping $f:T \to T$ , $f(x) = \phi^{-1} (2\phi(x))$ is absolutely continuous?

2016 AMC 12/AHSME, 19

Tags: probability , number theory , relatively prime

Jerry starts at 0 on the real number line. He tosses a fair coin 8 times. When he gets heads, he moves 1 unit in the positive direction; when he gets tails, he moves 1 unit in the negative direction. The probability that he reaches 4 at some time during this process is $a/b$, where $a$ and $b$ are relatively prime positive integers. What is $a+b$? (For example, he succeeds if his sequence of tosses is $HTHHHHHH$.) $\textbf{(A)}\ 69\qquad\textbf{(B)}\ 151\qquad\textbf{(C)}\ 257\qquad\textbf{(D)}\ 293\qquad\textbf{(E)}\ 313$

2009 Today's Calculation Of Integral, 442

Tags: calculus , integration , trigonometry , calculus computations

Evaluate $ \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \frac{\cos \theta \minus{}\sin \theta}{(1\plus{}\cos \theta)(1\plus{}\sin \theta)}\ d\theta$

2022 IMO Shortlist, A1

Tags: algebra , sequence

Let $(a_n)_{n\geq 1}$ be a sequence of positive real numbers with the property that $$(a_{n+1})^2 + a_na_{n+2} \leq a_n + a_{n+2}$$ for all positive integers $n$. Show that $a_{2022}\leq 1$.

2000 USAMO, 5

Tags: geometry , circumcircle , analytic geometry

Let $A_1A_2A_3$ be a triangle and let $\omega_1$ be a circle in its plane passing through $A_1$ and $A_2.$ Suppose there exist circles $\omega_2, \omega_3, \dots, \omega_7$ such that for $k = 2, 3, \dots, 7,$ $\omega_k$ is externally tangent to $\omega_{k-1}$ and passes through $A_k$ and $A_{k+1},$ where $A_{n+3} = A_{n}$ for all $n \ge 1$. Prove that $\omega_7 = \omega_1.$

2017 Princeton University Math Competition, A1/B3

Tags: number theory

Shaq sees the numbers $1$ through $2017$ written on a chalkboard. He repeatedly chooses three numbers, erases them, and writes one plus their median. (For instance, if he erased $-2, -1, 0$ he would replace them with $0$.) If $M$ is the maximum possible final value remaining on the board, and if m is the minimum, compute $M - m$.

2003 JBMO Shortlist, 2

Tags: geometry , area

Is there a triangle with $12 \, cm^2$ area and $12$ cm perimeter?

2005 Today's Calculation Of Integral, 54

Tags: calculus , integration , trigonometry , algebra , partial fractions , calculus computations

evaluate \[\int_{-1}^0 \sqrt{\frac{1+x}{1-x}}dx\]

May Olympiad L1 - geometry, 2023.3

Tags: area , geometry

On a straight line $\ell$ there are four points, $A$, $B$, $C$ and $D$ in that order, such that $AB=BC=CD$. A point $E$ is chosen outside the straight line so that when drawing the segments $EB$ and $EC$, an equilateral triangle $EBC$ is formed . Segments $EA$ and $ED$ are drawn, and a point $F$ is chosen so that when drawing the segments $FA$ and $FE$, an equilateral triangle $FAE$ is formed outside the triangle $EAD$. Finally, the lines $EB$ and $FA$ are drawn , which intersect at the point $G$. If the area of triangle $EBD$ is $10$, calculate the area of triangle $EFG$.

2017 Peru IMO TST, 8

Tags: combinatorics , binary , string

The leader of an IMO team chooses positive integers $n$ and $k$ with $n > k$, and announces them to the deputy leader and a contestant. The leader then secretly tells the deputy leader an $n$-digit binary string, and the deputy leader writes down all $n$-digit binary strings which differ from the leader’s in exactly $k$ positions. (For example, if $n = 3$ and $k = 1$, and if the leader chooses $101$, the deputy leader would write down $001, 111$ and $100$.) The contestant is allowed to look at the strings written by the deputy leader and guess the leader’s string. What is the minimum number of guesses (in terms of $n$ and $k$) needed to guarantee the correct answer?

2016 Bulgaria JBMO TST, 3

Tags: number theory

Let $ M (x,y)=x^2+xy-2y $ , x,y are positive integers a) Solve in positive integers $ x^2+xy-2y=64 $ b) Prove that if M (x,y) is a perfect square, then x+y+2 is composite if x>2.

2019 AMC 8, 25

Tags:

Alice has 24 apples. In how many ways can she share them with Becky and Chris so that each of the people has at least 2 apples? $\textbf{(A) }105\qquad\textbf{(B) }114\qquad\textbf{(C) }190\qquad\textbf{(D) }210\qquad\textbf{(E) }380$

2019 IMO Shortlist, N4

Tags: number theory , functional equation

Find all functions $f:\mathbb Z_{>0}\to \mathbb Z_{>0}$ such that $a+f(b)$ divides $a^2+bf(a)$ for all positive integers $a$ and $b$ with $a+b>2019$.

2021 CHKMO, 2

Tags: number theory , prime factorization , prime

For each positive integer $n$ larger than $1$ with prime factorization $p_1^{\alpha_1}p_2^{\alpha_2}\cdots p_k^{\alpha_k}$, its [i]signature[/i] is defined as the sum $\alpha_1+\alpha_2+\cdots+\alpha_k$. Does there exist $2020$ consecutive positive integers such that among them, there are exactly $1812$ integers whose signatures are strictly smaller than $11$?

1997 AMC 12/AHSME, 25

Tags: geometry , parallelogram

Let $ ABCD$ be a parallelogram and let $ \overrightarrow{AA^\prime}$, $ \overrightarrow{BB^\prime}$, $ \overrightarrow{CC^\prime}$, and $ \overrightarrow{DD^\prime}$ be parallel rays in space on the same side of the plane determined by $ ABCD$. If $ AA^\prime \equal{} 10$, $ BB^\prime \equal{} 8$, $ CC^\prime \equal{} 18$, $ DD^\prime \equal{} 22$, and $ M$ and $ N$ are the midpoints of $ \overline{A^{\prime}C^{\prime}}$ and $ \overline{B^{\prime}D^{\prime}}$, respectively, then $ MN \equal{}$ $ \textbf{(A)}\ 0\qquad \textbf{(B)}\ 1\qquad \textbf{(C)}\ 2\qquad \textbf{(D)}\ 3\qquad \textbf{(E)}\ 4$

Kvant 2020, M1387

Tags: combinatorics , polyhedron

An ant crawls clockwise along the contour of each face of a convex polyhedron. It is known that their speeds at any given time are not less than 1 mm/h. Prove that sooner or later two ants will collide. [i]Proposed by A. Klyachko[/i]

2012 Korea Junior Math Olympiad, 2

Tags: geometry , pentagon , concyclic

A pentagon $ABCDE$ is inscribed in a circle $O$, and satisfies $\angle A = 90^o, AB = CD$. Let $F$ be a point on segment $AE$. Let $BF$ hit $O$ again at $J(\ne B)$, $CE \cap DJ = K$, $BD\cap FK = L$. Prove that $B,L,E,F$ are cyclic.