Show that \[ \max\limits_{|x|\leq t} |1 - a \cos x| \geq \tan^2 \frac{t}{2} \] for $a$ positive and $t \in (0, \frac{\pi}{2})$.

Let $ABC$ be a triangle with $\angle BAC=60^\circ$. Consider a point $P$ inside the triangle having $PA=1$, $PB=2$ and $PC=3$. Find the maximum possible area of the triangle $ABC$.

A bookshelf contains $n$ volumes, labelled $1$ to $n$, in some order. The librarian wishes to put them in the correct order as follows. The librarian selects a volume that is too far to the right, say the volume with label $k$, takes it out, and inserts it in the $k$-th position. For example, if the bookshelf contains the volumes $1,3,2,4$ in that order, the librarian could take out volume $2$ and place it in the second position. The books will then be in the correct order $1,2,3,4$. (a) Show that if this process is repeated, then, however the librarian makes the selections, all the volumes will eventually be in the correct order. (b) What is the largest number of steps that this process can take?

Prove that if $ a > 0 $, $ b > 0 $, $ c > 0 $, then the inequality holds $$ ab (a + b) + bc (b + c) + ca (c + a) \geq 6abc.$$

Let $a$ and $b$ be positive real numbers with $a > b$. Find the smallest possible values of $$S = 2a +3 +\frac{32}{(a - b)(2b +3)^2}$$

Prove for positive numbers: $$(a^2+b+\frac{3}{4})(b^2+a+\frac{3}{4}) \geq (2a+\frac{1}{2})(2b+\frac{1}{2})$$

For arbitrary positive reals $a\ge b \ge c$ prove the inequality: $$\frac{a^2+b^2}{a+b}+\frac{a^2+c^2}{a+c}+\frac{c^2+b^2}{c+b}\ge (a+b+c)+ \frac{(a-c)^2}{a+b+c}$$ (Anton Trygub)

Suppose that $a,b,c,d$ are positive real numbers satisfying $(a+c)(b+d)=ac+bd$. Find the smallest possible value of $$\frac{a}{b}+\frac{b}{c}+\frac{c}{d}+\frac{d}{a}.$$ [i]Israel[/i]

Let $ABC$ be a triangle with $BC>CA>AB$ and let $G$ be the centroid of the triangle. Prove that \[ \angle GCA+\angle GBC<\angle BAC<\angle GAC+\angle GBA . \] [i]Dinu Serbanescu[/i]

A lattice point in an $xy$-coordinate system is any point $(x,y)$ where both $x$ and $y$ are integers. The graph of $y=mx+2$ passes through no lattice point with $0<x \le 100$ for all $m$ such that $\frac{1}{2}<m<a$. What is the maximum possible value of $a$? $ \textbf{(A)}\ \frac{51}{101} \qquad \textbf{(B)}\ \frac{50}{99} \qquad \textbf{(C)}\ \frac{51}{100} \qquad \textbf{(D)}\ \frac{52}{101} \qquad \textbf{(E)}\ \frac{13}{25} $

Let $a,b,c,d$ be positive real numbers satisfying $a^2+b^2+c^2+d^2=1$. Prove that \[a^3+b^3+c^3+d^3+abcd\left(\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}+\frac{1}{d}\right)\leqslant 1.\]

Let $n$ be an even positive integer, and let $G$ be an $n$-vertex graph with exactly $\tfrac{n^2}{4}$ edges, where there are no loops or multiple edges (each unordered pair of distinct vertices is joined by either 0 or 1 edge). An unordered pair of distinct vertices $\{x,y\}$ is said to be [i]amicable[/i] if they have a common neighbor (there is a vertex $z$ such that $xz$ and $yz$ are both edges). Prove that $G$ has at least $2\textstyle\binom{n/2}{2}$ pairs of vertices which are amicable. [i]Zoltán Füredi (suggested by Po-Shen Loh)[/i]

Show that, if $\alpha$, $\beta$ and $\gamma$ are angles of an arbitrary triangle, $$\text{sin } \frac{\alpha}{2} \text{ sin } \frac{\beta}{2} \text{ sin } \frac{\gamma}{2} < \frac14.$$.

An infinite sequence of positive real numbers $x_0,x_1,x_2,...$ is called $vasco$ if it satisfies the following properties: (a) $x_0=1,x_1=3$; and (b) $x_0+x_1+...+x_{n-1}\ge3x_{n}-x_{n+1}$, for every $n\ge1$. Find the greatest real number $M$ such that, for every $vasco$ sequence, the inequality $\frac{x_{n+1}}{x_{n}}>M$ is true for every $n\ge0$.

Let $f:[0,\infty)\to\mathbb{R}$ be a strictly decreasing continuous function such that $\lim_{x\to\infty}f(x)=0.$ Prove that $\displaystyle\int_0^{\infty}\frac{f(x)-f(x+1)}{f(x)}\,dx$ diverges.

Does there exists two functions $f,g :\mathbb{R}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ such that: $\forall x\not =y : |f(x)-f(y)|+|g(x)-g(y)|>1$ Time allowed for this problem was 75 minutes.

Let $ a$, $ b$, $ c$ be positive reals such that $ a^4 \plus{} b^4 \plus{} c^4 \equal{} 3$. Prove that $ \sum\frac1{4 \minus{} ab}\leq1$, where the $ \sum$ sign stands for cyclic summation. [i]Alternative formulation:[/i] For any positive reals $ a$, $ b$, $ c$ satisfying $ a^4 \plus{} b^4 \plus{} c^4 \equal{} 3$, prove the inequality $ \frac{1}{4\minus{}bc}\plus{}\frac{1}{4\minus{}ca}\plus{}\frac{1}{4\minus{}ab}\leq 1$.

A Mediterranean polynomial has only real roots and it is of the form \[ P(x) = x^{10}-20x^9+135x^8+a_7x^7+a_6x^6+a_5x^5+a_4x^4+a_3x^3+a_2x^2+a_1x+a_0 \] with real coefficients $a_0\ldots,a_7$. Determine the largest real number that occurs as a root of some Mediterranean polynomial. [i](Proposed by Gerhard Woeginger, Austria)[/i]

Let real coefficient polynomial $f(x) = x^n + a_1 \cdot x^{n-1} + \ldots + a_n$ has real roots $b_1, b_2, \ldots, b_n$, $n \geq 2,$ prove that $\forall x \geq max\{b_1, b_2, \ldots, b_n\}$, we have \[f(x+1) \geq \frac{2 \cdot n^2}{\frac{1}{x-b_1} + \frac{1}{x-b_2} + \ldots + \frac{1}{x-b_n}}.\]

Let $M=\{1,2,\cdots,n\}$, each element of $M$ is colored in either red, blue or yellow. Set $A=\{(x,y,z)\in M\times M\times M|x+y+z\equiv 0\mod n$, $x,y,z$ are of same color$\},$ $B=\{(x,y,z)\in M\times M\times M|x+y+z\equiv 0\mod n,$ $x,y,z$ are of pairwise distinct color$\}.$ Prove that $2|A|\geq |B|$.

Let $n$ be a positive integer number and let $a_1, a_2, \ldots, a_n$ be $n$ positive real numbers. Prove that $f : [0, \infty) \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$, defined by \[f(x) = \dfrac{a_1 + x}{a_2 + x} + \dfrac{a_2 + x}{a_3 + x} + \cdots + \dfrac{a_{n-1} + x}{a_n + x} + \dfrac{a_n + x}{a_1 + x}, \] is a decreasing function. [i]Dan Marinescu et al.[/i]

a) $n$ $2\times2$ squares are drawn on the Cartesian plane. The sides of these squares are parallel to the coordinate axes. It is known that the center of any square is not an inner point of any other square. Let $\Pi$ be a rectangle such that it contains all these $n$ squares and its sides are parallel to the coordinate axes. Prove that the perimeter of $\Pi$ is greater than or equal to $4(\sqrt{n}+1)$. b) Prove the sharp estimate: the perimeter of $\Pi$ is greater than or equal to $2\lceil \sqrt{n}+1) \rceil$ (here $\lceil a\rceil$ stands for the smallest integer which is greater than or equal to $a$).

Given that $ a,b,c, x_1, x_2, ... , x_5 $ are real positives such that $ a+b+c=1 $ and $ x_1.x_2.x_3.x_4.x_5 = 1 $. Prove that \[ (ax_1^2+bx_1+c)(ax_2^2+bx_2+c)...(ax_5^2+bx_5+c)\ge 1\]

Let $\displaystyle{z}$ be a complex number with $\displaystyle{\left| {z + 1} \right| > 2}$. Prove that $\displaystyle{\left| {{z^3} + 1} \right| > 1}$. [i]Proposed by Walther Janous and Gerhard Kirchner, Innsbruck.[/i]

The non-negative real numbers $x, y, z$ satisfy the equality $x + y + z = 1$. Determine the highest possible value of the expression $E (x, y, z) = (x + 2y + 3z) (6x +3y + 2z)$.