In a dihedral angle of measure $c$ two non-intersecting spheres are inscribed, the centers of which are located on a straight line perpendicular to the edge of the dihedral angle. The points of contact of these spheres with the edges of the corner are at distances $a$ and $b$ from the edge. Let us consider an arbitrary plane tangent to these spheres and intersecting the segment connecting their centers. Let us denote by $\phi$ the measure of the angle formed at the intersection of this plane with the faces of a given dihedral angle. Find the greatest value $\phi$.

Point $A$ and segment $BC$ are given. Determine the locus of points in space which are vertices of right angles with one side passing through $A$, and the other side intersecting segment $BC$.

3 segments $AA_1$, $BB_1$, $CC_1$ in space share a common midpoint $M$. Turns out, the sphere circumscribed about the tetrahedron $MA_1B_1C_1$ is tangent to plane $ABC$ at point $D$. Point $O$ is the circumcenter of triangle $ABC$. Prove that $MO = MD$.

Two identical balls of radius $\sqrt{15}$ and two identical balls of a smaller radius are located on a plane so that each ball touches the other three. Find the area of the surface $S$ of the ball with the smaller radius.

Compute the volume of a regular octahedron circumscribed about a sphere of radius $1$.

The smallest possible volume of a cylinder that will fit nine spheres of radius 1 can be expressed as $x\pi$ for some value of $x$. Compute $x$. [i]2022 CCA Math Bonanza Team Round #3[/i]

All edges of a tetrahedron $ABCD$ are equal. The tetrahedron $ABCD$ is inscribed in a sphere. $CC'$ and $DD'$ are diameters. Find the angle between the planes $ABC$' and $ACD'$. (A Zaslavskiy)

There are five research labs on Mars. Is it always possible to divide Mars to five connected congruent regions such that each region contains exactly on research lab. [img]http://i37.tinypic.com/f2iq8g.png[/img]

There is an infinitely tall tetrahedral stack of spheres where each row of the tetrahedron consists of a triangular arrangement of spheres, as shown below. There is $1$ sphere in the top row (which we will call row $0$), $3$ spheres in row $1$, $6$ spheres in row $2$, $10$ spheres in row $3$, etc. The top-most sphere in row $0$ is assigned the number $1$. We then assign each other sphere the sum of the number(s) assigned to the sphere(s) which touch it in the row directly above it. Find a simplified expression in terms of $n$ for the sum of the numbers assigned to each sphere from row $0$ to row $n$. [asy] import three; import solids; size(8cm); //currentprojection = perspective(1, 1, 10); triple backright = (-2, 0, 0), backleft = (-1, -sqrt(3), 0), backup = (-1, -sqrt(3) / 3, 2 * sqrt(6) / 3); draw(shift(2 * backleft) * surface(sphere(1,20)), white); //2 draw(shift(backleft + backright) * surface(sphere(1,20)), white); //2 draw(shift(2 * backright) * surface(sphere(1,20)), white); //3 draw(shift(backup + backleft) * surface(sphere(1,20)), white); draw(shift(backup + backright) * surface(sphere(1,20)), white); draw(shift(2 * backup) * surface(sphere(1,20)), white); draw(shift(backleft) * surface(sphere(1,20)), white); draw(shift(backright) * surface(sphere(1,20)), white); draw(shift(backup) * surface(sphere(1,20)), white); draw(surface(sphere(1,20)), white); label("Row 0", 2 * backup, 15 * dir(20)); label("Row 1", backup, 25 * dir(20)); label("Row 2", O, 35 * dir(20)); dot(-backup); dot(-7 * backup / 8); dot(-6 * backup / 8); dot((backleft - backup) + backleft * 2); dot(5 * (backleft - backup) / 4 + backleft * 2); dot(6 * (backleft - backup) / 4 + backleft * 2); dot((backright - backup) + backright * 2); dot(5 * (backright - backup) / 4 + backright * 2); dot(6 * (backright - backup) / 4 + backright * 2); [/asy]

[b]a)[/b] Show that the sum of the squares of the minimum distances from a point that is situated on a sphere to the faces of the cube that circumscribe the sphere doesn't depend on the point. [b]b)[/b] Show that the sum of the cubes of the minimum distances from a point that is situated on a sphere to the faces of the cube that circumscribe the sphere doesn't depend on the point. [i]Alexandru Sergiu Alamă[/i]

$(GDR 4)$ Find the maximal number of regions into which a sphere can be partitioned by $n$ circles.

A sphere is inscribed in a truncated right circular cone as shown. The volume of the truncated cone is twice that of the sphere. What is the ratio of the radius of the bottom base of the truncated cone to the radius of the top base of the truncated cone? [asy] real r=(3+sqrt(5))/2; real s=sqrt(r); real Brad=r; real brad=1; real Fht = 2*s; import graph3; import solids; currentprojection=orthographic(1,0,.2); currentlight=(10,10,5); revolution sph=sphere((0,0,Fht/2),Fht/2); //draw(surface(sph),green+white+opacity(0.5)); //triple f(pair t) {return (t.x*cos(t.y),t.x*sin(t.y),t.x^(1/n)*sin(t.y/n));} triple f(pair t) { triple v0 = Brad*(cos(t.x),sin(t.x),0); triple v1 = brad*(cos(t.x),sin(t.x),0)+(0,0,Fht); return (v0 + t.y*(v1-v0)); } triple g(pair t) { return (t.y*cos(t.x),t.y*sin(t.x),0); } surface sback=surface(f,(3pi/4,0),(7pi/4,1),80,2); surface sfront=surface(f,(7pi/4,0),(11pi/4,1),80,2); surface base = surface(g,(0,0),(2pi,Brad),80,2); draw(sback,rgb(0,1,0)); draw(sfront,rgb(.3,1,.3)); draw(base,rgb(.4,1,.4)); draw(surface(sph),rgb(.3,1,.3)); [/asy] $ \textbf {(A) } \dfrac {3}{2} \qquad \textbf {(B) } \dfrac {1+\sqrt{5}}{2} \qquad \textbf {(C) } \sqrt{3} \qquad \textbf {(D) } 2 \qquad \textbf {(E) } \dfrac {3+\sqrt{5}}{2} $

$(GBR 3)$ A smooth solid consists of a right circular cylinder of height $h$ and base-radius $r$, surmounted by a hemisphere of radius $r$ and center $O.$ The solid stands on a horizontal table. One end of a string is attached to a point on the base. The string is stretched (initially being kept in the vertical plane) over the highest point of the solid and held down at the point $P$ on the hemisphere such that $OP$ makes an angle $\alpha$ with the horizontal. Show that if $\alpha$ is small enough, the string will slacken if slightly displaced and no longer remain in a vertical plane. If then pulled tight through $P$, show that it will cross the common circular section of the hemisphere and cylinder at a point $Q$ such that $\angle SOQ = \phi$, $S$ being where it initially crossed this section, and $\sin \phi = \frac{r \tan \alpha}{h}$.

Let $O$ be a point of three-dimensional space and let $l_1, l_2, l_3$ be mutually perpendicular straight lines passing through $O$. Let $S$ denote the sphere with center $O$ and radius $R$, and for every point $M$ of $S$, let $S_M$ denote the sphere with center $M$ and radius $R$. We denote by $P_1, P_2, P_3$ the intersection of $S_M$ with the straight lines $l_1, l_2, l_3$, respectively, where we put $P_i \neq O$ if $l_i$ meets $S_M$ at two distinct points and $P_i = O$ otherwise ($i = 1, 2, 3$). What is the set of centers of gravity of the (possibly degenerate) triangles $P_1P_2P_3$ as $M$ runs through the points of $S$?

Call two circles in three-dimensional space pairwise tangent at a point $ P$ if they both pass through $ P$ and lines tangent to each circle at $ P$ coincide. Three circles not all lying in a plane are pairwise tangent at three distinct points. Prove that there exists a sphere which passes through the three circles.

A tetrahedron $ABCD$ with acute-angled faces is inscribed in a sphere with center $O$. A line passing through $O$ perpendicular to plane $ABC$ crosses the sphere at point $D'$ that lies on the opposide side of plane $ABC$ than point $D$. Line $DD'$ crosses plane $ABC$ in point $P$ that lies inside the triangle $ABC$. Prove, that if $\angle APB=2\angle ACB$, then $\angle ADD'=\angle BDD'$.

A cube is divided into $27$ unit cubes. A sphere is inscribed in each of the corner unit cubes, and another sphere is placed tangent to these $8$ spheres. What is the smallest possible value for the radius of the last sphere?

A "[i]2-line[/i]" is the area between two parallel lines. Length of "2-line" is distance of two parallel lines. We have covered unit circle with some "2-lines". Prove sum of lengths of "2-lines" is at least 2.

There is a convex polyhedron with $k$ faces. Show that if more than $k/2$ of the faces are such that no two have a common edge, then the polyhedron cannot have an inscribed sphere.

Three spheres $s_1$, $s_2$, $s_3$ intersect along one circle $\omega$. Let $A $be an arbitrary point lying on the circle $\omega$. Ray $AB$ intersects spheres $s_1$, $s_2$, $s_3$ at points $B_1$, $B_2$, $B_3$, respectively, ray $AC$ intersects spheres $s_1$, $s_2$, $s_3$ at points $C_1$, $C_2$, $C_3$, respectively ($B_i \ne A_i$, $C_i \ne A_i$, $i=1,2,3$). It is known that $B_2$ is the midpoint of the segment $B_1B_3$. Prove that $C_2$ is the midpoint of the segment $C_1C_3$.

$(GBR 4)$ The segment $AB$ perpendicularly bisects $CD$ at $X$. Show that, subject to restrictions, there is a right circular cone whose axis passes through $X$ and on whose surface lie the points $A,B,C,D.$ What are the restrictions?

Let a tetrahedron $ABCD$ be inscribed in a sphere $S$. Find the locus of points $P$ inside the sphere $S$ for which the equality \[\frac{AP}{PA_1}+\frac{BP}{PB_1}+\frac{CP}{PC_1}+\frac{DP}{PD_1}=4\] holds, where $A_1,B_1, C_1$, and $D_1$ are the intersection points of $S$ with the lines $AP,BP,CP$, and $DP$, respectively.

Let $A$, $B$, $C$, $D$ be four points in space not all lying on the same plane. The segments $AB$, $BC$, $CD$, and $DA$ are tangent to the same sphere. Prove that their four points of tangency are coplanar.