There are one-way flights between $100$ cities of a country. It is possible to fly starting from the capital city and visiting all other $99$ cities and returning again to the capital city. Let $ N$ be the smallest number of flights inorder to form such a flight combination. Among all flight combinations (satisfying previous condtions), $ N$ can be at most ? $\textbf{(A)}\ 1850 \qquad\textbf{(B)}\ 2100 \qquad\textbf{(C)}\ 2550 \qquad\textbf{(D)}\ 3060 \qquad\textbf{(E)}\ \text{None}$

Prove that if $a,b,c,d$ are lengths of the successive sides of a quadrangle (not necessarily convex) with the area equal to $S$, then the following inequality holds \[S \leq \frac{1}{2}(ac+bd).\] For which quadrangles does the inequality become equality?

The vertex $E$ of a square $EFGH$ is at the center of square $ABCD$. The length of a side of $ABCD$ is $1$ and the length of a side of $EFGH$ is $2$. Side $EF$ intersects $CD$ at $I$ and $EH$ intersects $AD$ at $J$. If angle $EID=60^\circ$, the area of quadrilateral $EIDJ$ is $\textbf{(A) }\dfrac14\qquad\textbf{(B) }\dfrac{\sqrt3}6\qquad\textbf{(C) }\dfrac13\qquad\textbf{(D) }\dfrac{\sqrt2}4\qquad\textbf{(E) }\dfrac{\sqrt3}2$

A big circle is inscribed in a rhombus, each of two smaller circles touches two sides of the rhombus and the big circle as shown in the figure on the right. Prove that the four dashed lines spanning the points where the circles touch the rhombus as shown in the figure make up a square.

$\frac{15^{30}}{45^{15}}=$ $ \textbf{(A)}\ \left(\frac{1}{3}\right)^{15} \qquad\textbf{(B)}\ \left(\frac{1}{3}\right)^2 \qquad\textbf{(C)}\ 1 \qquad\textbf{(D)}\ 3^{15} \qquad\textbf{(E)}\ 5^{15}$

Let $p = 491$ be prime. Let $S$ be the set of ordered $k$-tuples of nonnegative integers that are less than $p$. We say that a function $f\colon S \to S$ is \emph{$k$-murine} if, for all $u,v\in S$, $\langle f(u), f(v)\rangle \equiv \langle u,v\rangle \pmod p$, where $\langle(a_1,\dots ,a_k) , (b_1, \dots , b_k)\rangle = a_1b_1+ \dots +a_kb_k$ for any $(a_1, \dots a_k), (b_1, \dots b_k) \in S$. Let $m(k)$ be the number of $k$-murine functions. Compute the remainder when $m(1) + m(2) + m(3) + \cdots + m(p)$ is divided by $488$. [i]Proposed by Brandon Wang[/i]

The convex polygon $A_{1}A_{2}\ldots A_{2006}$ has opposite sides parallel $(A_{1}A_{2}||A_{1004}A_{1005}, \ldots)$. Prove that the diagonals $A_{1}A_{1004}, A_{2}A_{1005}, \ldots A_{1003}A_{2006}$ are concurrent if and only if opposite sides are equal.

If the five-digit number $3AB7C$ is divisible by $4$ and $9$ and $A<B<C$, what is $A+B+C$? $\text{(A) }3\qquad\text{(B) }8\qquad\text{(C) }9\qquad\text{(D) }17\qquad\text{(E) }26$

Let be a convex quadrilateral $ ABCD. $ On the semi-straight line extension of $ AB $ in the direction of $ B, $ put $ A_1 $ such that $ AB=BA_1. $ Similarly, define $ B_1,C_1,D_1, $ for the other three sides. [b]a)[/b] If $ E,E_1,F,F_1 $ are the midpoints of $ BC,A_1B_1,AD $ respectively, $ C_1,D_1, $ show that $ EE_1=FF_1. $ [b]b)[/b] Delete everything, but $ A_1,B_1,C_1,D_1. $ Now, find a way to construct the initial quadrilateral. [i]Vasile Pop[/i]

In the triangle $ABC$ the median $AM$ is drawn. Is it possible that the radius of the circle inscribed in $\vartriangle ABM$ could be twice as large as the radius of the circle inscribed in $\vartriangle ACM$ ? ( D . Fomin , Leningrad)

Let $ P(x)$ be a polynomial with a non-negative coefficients. Prove that if the inequality $ P\left(\frac {1}{x}\right)P(x)\geq 1$ holds for $ x \equal{} 1$, then this inequality holds for each positive $ x$.

How many paths are there from $A$ to $B$ in the following diagram if only moves downward are allowed? [center][img]https://cdn.artofproblemsolving.com/attachments/f/d/62a14f7959cc0461543b0f76bba51be9786847.png[/img][/center] $\textbf{(A) } 65\qquad\textbf{(B) } 67\qquad\textbf{(C) } 70\qquad\textbf{(D) } 74\qquad\textbf{(E) } 75$

Several identical cars are standing at a red light on a one-lane road, one behind the other, with negligible (and equal) distance between adjacent cars. When the green light comes up, the first car takes off to the right with constant acceleration. The driver in the second car reacts and does the same 0.2 s later. The third driver starts moving 0.2 s after the second one and so on. All cars accelerate until they reach the speed limit of 45 km/hr, after which they move to the right at a constant speed. Consider the following patterns of cars. Just before the first car starts accelerating to the right, the car pattern will qualitatively look like the pattern in I. After that, the pattern will qualitatively evolve according to which of the following? $\textbf{(A)}\text{first I, then II, and then III}$ $\textbf{(B)}\text{first I, then II, and then IV}$ $\textbf{(C)}\text{first I, and then IV, with neither II nor III as an intermediate stage}$ $\textbf{(D)}\text{first I, and then II}$ $\textbf{(E)}\text{first I, and then III}$

All lines with equation $ax+by=c$ such that $a$, $b$, $c$ form an arithmetic progression pass through a common point. What are the coordinates of that point? $\textbf{(A) } (-1,2) \qquad\textbf{(B) } (0,1) \qquad\textbf{(C) } (1,-2) \qquad\textbf{(D) } (1,0) \qquad\textbf{(E) } (1,2)$

On a $55\times 55$ square grid, $500$ unit squares were cut out as well as $400$ L-shaped pieces consisting of 3 unit squares (each piece can be oriented in any way) [refer to the figure]. Prove that at least two of the cut out pieces bordered each other before they were cut out. [asy]size(2.013cm); draw ((0,0)--(0,1)); draw ((0,0)--(1,0)); draw ((0,1)--(.5,1)); draw ((.5,1)--(.5,0)); draw ((0,.5)--(1,.5)); draw ((1,.5)--(1,0)); draw ((1,.5)--(1,0)); [/asy]

$(BUL 1)$ Prove that the equation $\sqrt{x^3 + y^3 + z^3}=1969$ has no integral solutions.

Let be given a tetrahedron whose circumcenter is $O$. Draw diameters $AA_{1},BB_{1},CC_{1},DD_{1}$ of the circumsphere of $ABCD$. Let $A_{0},B_{0},C_{0},D_{0}$ be the centroids of triangle $BCD,CDA,DAB,ABC$. Prove that $A_{0}A_{1},B_{0}B_{1},C_{0}C_{1},D_{0}D_{1}$ are concurrent at a point, say, $F$. Prove that the line through $F$ and a midpoint of a side of $ABCD$ is perpendicular to the opposite side.

Let $0 \le a_1 \le a_2 \le \dots \le a_n \le 1$ be $n$ real numbers with $n \ge 2$. Assume $a_1 + a_2 + \dots + a_n \ge n-1$. Prove that \[ a_2a_3\dots a_n \ge \left( 1 - \frac 1n \right)^{n-1} \]

A square piece of paper has sides of length $ 100$. From each corner a wedge is cut in the following manner: at each corner, the two cuts for the wedge each start at distance $ \sqrt {17}$ from the corner, and they meet on the diagonal at an angle of $ 60^\circ$ (see the figure below). The paper is then folded up along the lines joining the vertices of adjacent cuts. When the two edges of a cut meet, they are taped together. The result is a paper tray whose sides are not at right angles to the base. The height of the tray, that is, the perpendicular distance between the plane of the base and the plane formed by the upper edges, can be written in the form $ \sqrt [n]{m}$, where $ m$ and $ n$ are positive integers, $ m < 1000$, and $ m$ is not divisible by the $ n$th power of any prime. Find $ m \plus{} n$. [asy]import math; unitsize(5mm); defaultpen(fontsize(9pt)+Helvetica()+linewidth(0.7)); pair O=(0,0); pair A=(0,sqrt(17)); pair B=(sqrt(17),0); pair C=shift(sqrt(17),0)*(sqrt(34)*dir(75)); pair D=(xpart(C),8); pair E=(8,ypart(C)); draw(O--(0,8)); draw(O--(8,0)); draw(O--C); draw(A--C--B); draw(D--C--E); label("$\sqrt{17}$",(0,2),W); label("$\sqrt{17}$",(2,0),S); label("cut",midpoint(A--C),NNW); label("cut",midpoint(B--C),ESE); label("fold",midpoint(C--D),W); label("fold",midpoint(C--E),S); label("$30^\circ$",shift(-0.6,-0.6)*C,WSW); label("$30^\circ$",shift(-1.2,-1.2)*C,SSE);[/asy]

Prove that the inequality $$ \frac{1}{3} \leq \frac{\tan 3\alpha}{\tan \alpha} \leq 3 $$ is not true for any value of $ \alpha $.

We are given an integer $n \ge 2024$ and a sequence $a_1,a_2,\dots,a_{n^2}$ of real numbers satisfying \[\vert a_k-a_{k-1}\vert \le \frac{1}{k} \quad \text{and} \quad \vert a_1+a_2+\dots+a_k\vert \le 1\] for $k=2,3,\dots,n^2$. Show that $\vert a_{n(n-1)}\vert \le \frac{2}{n}$. [i]Note: Proving $\vert a_{n(n-1)}\vert \le \frac{75}{n}$ will be rewarded partial points.[/i]

A circle $\Gamma$ and a line $\ell$ which does not intersect $\Gamma$ are given. Suppose $P, Q,R, S$ are variable points on circle $\Gamma$ such that the points $A = PQ\cap RS$ and $B = PS \cap QR$ lie on $\ell$. Prove that the circle on $AB$ as a diameter passes through two fixed points.

An infinite sequence $a_1, a_2,\ldots$ of positive integers is such that $a_n \geq 2$ and $a_{n+2}$ divides $a_{n+1} + a_n$ for all $n \geq 1$. Prove that there exists a prime which divides infinitely many terms of the sequence.

Let $a_0=0,a_1\in\mathbb Z_+.$ For integer $n\geq 2,a_n$ is the smallest positive integer satisfy that for $\forall 0\leq i\neq j\leq n-1,a_n\nmid (a_i-a_j).$ (1) If $a_1=2023,$ calculate $a_{10000}.$ (2) If $a_t\leq\frac{a_1}2,$ find the maximum value of $\frac t{a_1}.$

Consider the set $S = \{ q + \frac{1}{q}, \text{ where } q \text{ ranges over all positive rational numbers} \}$. (a) Let $N$ be a positive integer. Show that $N$ is the sum of two elements of $S$ if and only if $N$ is the product of two elements of $S$. (b) Show that there exist infinitely many positive integers $N$ that cannot be written as the sum of two elements of $S$. (c)Show that there exist infinitely many positive integers $N$ that can be written as the sum of two elements of $S$.