Olympiad problems

2011 Croatia Team Selection Test, 2

There were finitely many persons at a party among whom some were friends. Among any $4$ of them there were either $3$ who were all friends among each other or $3$ who weren't friend with each other. Prove that you can separate all the people at the party in two groups in such a way that in the first group everyone is friends with each other and that all the people in the second group are not friends to anyone else in second group. (Friendship is a mutual relation).

2012 Moldova Team Selection Test, 7

Tags: geometry

Let $C(O_1),C(O_2)$ be two externally tangent circles at point $P$. A line $t$ is tangent to $C(O_1)$ in point $R$ and intersects $C(O_2)$ in points $A,B$ such that $A$ is closer to $R$ than $B$ is. The line $AO_1$ intersects the perpendicular to $t$ in $B$ at point $C$, the line $PC$ intersects $AB$ in $Q$. Prove that $QO_1$ passes through the midpoint of $BC$.

2020 Latvia Baltic Way TST, 4

Tags: algebra , polynomial , quadratic

Given cubic polynomial with integer coefficients and three irrational roots. Show that none of these roots can be root of quadratic equation with integer coefficients.

2022 South East Mathematical Olympiad, 1

Tags: algebra , sequence , induction

The positive sequence $\{a_n\}$ satisfies:$a_1=1+\sqrt 2$ and $(a_n-a_{n-1})(a_n+a_{n-1}-2\sqrt n)=2(n\geq 2).$ (1)Find the general formula of $\{a_n\}$; (2)Find the set of all the positive integers $n$ so that $\lfloor a_n\rfloor=2022$.

2008 Turkey Junior National Olympiad, 2

Tags:

Find all solutions of the equation $4^x+3^y=z^2$ in positive integers.

2000 Estonia National Olympiad, 2

Tags: bisects segment , cyclic quadrilateral , right triangle

Let $PQRS$ be a cyclic quadrilateral with $\angle PSR = 90^o$, and let $H,K$ be the projections of $Q$ on the lines $PR$ and $PS$, respectively. Prove that the line $HK$ passes through the midpoint of the segment $SQ$.

1983 Putnam, B3

Tags: differential equation , calculus

Assume that the differential equation $$y'''+p(x)y''+q(x)y'+r(x)y=0$$has solutions $y_1(x)$, $y_2(x)$, $y_3(x)$ on the real line such that $$y_1(x)^2+y_2(x)^2+y_3(x)^2=1$$for all real $x$. Let $$f(x)=y_1'(x)^2+y_2'(x)^2+y_3'(x)^2.$$Find constants $A$ and $B$ such that $f(x)$ is a solution to the differential equation $$y'+Ap(x)y=Br(x).$$

2005 Moldova Team Selection Test, 1

Tags: analytic geometry , geometry

In triangle $ABC$, $M\in(BC)$, $\frac{BM}{BC}=\alpha$, $N\in(CA)$, $\frac{CN}{CA}=\beta$, $P\in(AB)$, $\frac{AP}{AB}=\gamma$. Let $AM\cap BN=\{D\}$, $BN\cap CP=\{E\}$, $CP\cap AM=\{F\}$. Prove that $S_{DEF}=S_{BMD}+S_{CNE}+S_{APF}$ iff $\alpha+\beta+\gamma=1$.

Indonesia Regional MO OSP SMA - geometry, 2008.3

Tags: trigonometry , geometry

Given triangle $ ABC$. The incircle of triangle $ ABC$ is tangent to $ BC,CA,AB$ at $ D,E,F$ respectively. Construct point $ G$ on $ EF$ such that $ DG$ is perpendicular to $ EF$. Prove that $ \frac{FG}{EG} \equal{} \frac{BF}{CE}$.

2023 All-Russian Olympiad Regional Round, 9.8

Tags: geometry

In an acute triangle $ABC$, let $M$ and $N$ be the midpoints of $AB$ and $AC$ and let $BH$ be its altitude from $B$. Its incircle touches $AC$ at $K$ and the line through $K$ parallel to $MH$ meets $MN$ at $P$. Prove that $AMPK$ has an incircle.

2023 BMT, 18

Tags: algebra

Consider the sequence $b_1$, $b_2$, $b_3$, $ . . .$ of real numbers defined by $b_1 = \frac{3+\sqrt3}{6}$ , $b_2 = 1$, and for $n \ge 3$, $$b_n =\frac{1- b_{n-1} - b_{n-2}}{2b_{n-1}b_{n-2} - b_{n-1} - b_{n-2}}.$$ Compute $b_{2023}$.

2018 lberoAmerican, 2

Tags: geometry , circumcircle

Let $ABC$ be a triangle such that $\angle BAC = 90^{\circ}$ and $AB = AC$. Let $M$ be the midpoint of $BC$. A point $D \neq A$ is chosen on the semicircle with diameter $BC$ that contains $A$. The circumcircle of triangle $DAM$ cuts lines $DB$ and $DC$ at $E$ and $F$ respectively. Show that $BE = CF$.

2006 Romania Team Selection Test, 4

Tags: incenter , circumcircle , parallelogram , trigonometry , geometry

Let $ABC$ be an acute triangle with $AB \neq AC$. Let $D$ be the foot of the altitude from $A$ and $\omega$ the circumcircle of the triangle. Let $\omega_1$ be the circle tangent to $AD$, $BD$ and $\omega$. Let $\omega_2$ be the circle tangent to $AD$, $CD$ and $\omega$. Let $\ell$ be the interior common tangent to both $\omega_1$ and $\omega_2$, different from $AD$. Prove that $\ell$ passes through the midpoint of $BC$ if and only if $2BC = AB + AC$.

2016 Irish Math Olympiad, 3

Tags: algebra , polynomial , root , sum

Do there exist four polynomials $P_1(x), P_2(x), P_3(x), P_4(x)$ with real coefficients, such that the sum of any three of them always has a real root, but the sum of any two of them has no real root?

1996 IMO, 2

Tags: geometry , incenter , triangle , concurrency , angle

Let $ P$ be a point inside a triangle $ ABC$ such that \[ \angle APB \minus{} \angle ACB \equal{} \angle APC \minus{} \angle ABC. \] Let $ D$, $ E$ be the incenters of triangles $ APB$, $ APC$, respectively. Show that the lines $ AP$, $ BD$, $ CE$ meet at a point.

1992 Austrian-Polish Competition, 9

Tags: word , combinatorics

Given an integer $n > 1$, consider words composed of $n$ letters $A$ and $n$ letters $B$. A word $X_1...X_{2n}$ is said to belong to set $R(n)$ (respectively, $S(n)$) if no initial segment (respectively, exactly one initial segment) $X_1...X_k$ with $1 \le k < 2n$ consists of equally many letters $A$ and $B$. If $r(n)$ and $s(n)$ denote the cardinalities of $R(n)$ and $S(n)$ respectively, compute $s(n)/r(n)$.

2007 China Team Selection Test, 1

Tags: modular arithmetic , number theory

Find all the pairs of positive integers $ (a,b)$ such that $ a^2 \plus{} b \minus{} 1$ is a power of prime number $ ; a^2 \plus{} b \plus{} 1$ can divide $ b^2 \minus{} a^3 \minus{} 1,$ but it can't divide $ (a \plus{} b \minus{} 1)^2.$

2008 Moldova Team Selection Test, 1

Tags: algebra

Find all solutions $ (x,y)\in \mathbb{R}\times\mathbb R$ of the following system: $ \begin{cases}x^3 \plus{} 3xy^2 \equal{} 49, \\ x^2 \plus{} 8xy \plus{} y^2 \equal{} 8y \plus{} 17x.\end{cases}$

2022 BMT, 6

Tags: function , algebra

The degree-$6$ polynomial $f$ satisfies $f(7) - f(1) = 1, f(8) - f(2) = 16, f(9) - f(3) = 81, f(10) - f(4) = 256$ and $f(11) - f(5) = 625.$ Compute $f(15) - f(-3).$

2024-25 IOQM India, 16

Tags:

Let $f: \mathbb{R} \longrightarrow \mathbb{R}$ be a function satisfying the relation $4f(3-x) + 3f(x) = x^2$ for any real $x$. Find the value of $f(27) - f(25)$ to the nearest integer. (Here $\mathbb{R}$ denotes the set of real numbers.)

2009 Turkey Team Selection Test, 3

Tags: combinatorics

In a class of $ n\geq 4$ some students are friends. In this class any $ n \minus{} 1$ students can be seated in a round table such that every student is sitting next to a friend of him in both sides, but $ n$ students can not be seated in that way. Prove that the minimum value of $ n$ is $ 10$.

2006 Flanders Math Olympiad, 4

Tags: function , calculus , algebra , functional equation , system of equations

Find all functions $f: \mathbb{R}\backslash\{0,1\} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ such that \[ f(x)+f\left(\frac{1}{1-x}\right) = 1+\frac{1}{x(1-x)}. \]

1996 Romania National Olympiad, 1

Tags: group , superior algebra , group theory , group isomorphism

Prove that a group $G$ in which exactly two elements other than the identity commute with each other is isomorphic to $\mathbb{Z}/3 \mathbb{Z}$ or $S_3.$

2019 Junior Balkan Team Selection Tests - Romania, 3

Tags: circles , geometry , collinear , perpendicular

A circle with center $O$ is internally tangent to two circles inside it at points $S$ and $T$. Suppose the two circles inside intersect at $M$ and $N$ with $N$ closer to $ST$. Show that $OM$ and $MN$ are perpendicular if and only if $S,N, T$ are collinear.

2016 Latvia Baltic Way TST, 5

Tags: algebra , inequalities

Given real positive numbers $a, b, c$ and $d$, for which the equalities $a^2 + ab + b^2 = 3c^2$ and $a^3 + a^2b + ab^2 + b^3 = 4d^3$ are fulfilled. Prove that $$a + b + d \le 3c.$$