(a) If every point of the plane is painted one of three colors, do there necessarily exist two points of the same color exactly one inch apart? (b) What if "three'' is replaced by "nine''?

Let $ABC$ be an acute-angled triangle, $O$ its circumcenter and $H$ its orthocenter. The orthogonal projection of the vertex $A$ to the line $BC$ lies on the perpendicular bisector of the segment $AC$. Compute $\frac{CH}{BO}$ . (J. Willemson)

Consider the polynomial with real coefficients: \[ p(x) = a_{2008}x^{2008} + a_{2007}x^{2007} + \dots + a_1x + a_0 \] and it is given that its coefficients satisfy: \[ a_i + a_{i+1} = a_{i+2}, \quad i \in \{0,1,2,\dots,2006\} \] If $p(1) = 2008$ and $p(-1) = 0$, compute $a_{2008} - a_0$.

Three congruent circles with centers $P$, $Q$, and $R$ are tangent to the sides of rectangle $ABCD$ as shown. The circle centered at $Q$ has diameter $4$ and passes through points $P$ and $R$. The area of the rectangle is [asy] pair A,B,C,D,P,Q,R; A = (0,4); B = (8,4); C = (8,0); D = (0,0); P = (2,2); Q = (4,2); R = (6,2); dot(A); dot(B); dot(C); dot(D); dot(P); dot(Q); dot(R); draw(A--B--C--D--cycle); draw(circle(P,2)); draw(circle(Q,2)); draw(circle(R,2)); label("$A$",A,NW); label("$B$",B,NE); label("$C$",C,SE); label("$D$",D,SW); label("$P$",P,W); label("$Q$",Q,W); label("$R$",R,W); [/asy] $\text{(A)}\ 16 \qquad \text{(B)}\ 24 \qquad \text{(C)}\ 32 \qquad \text{(D)}\ 64 \qquad \text{(E)}\ 128$

Let $ABCD$ be a three-link broken line in space, all links of which are equal and $\angle BCD=90^o$. Find the distance from $A$ to the midpoint of $BD$, if $AD = a$.

$m(m>1)$ is an intenger, define $(a_n)$: $a_0=m,a_{n}=\varphi(a_{n-1})$ for all positive intenger $n$. If for all nonnegative intenger $k$, $a_{k+1}\mid a_k$, find all $m$ that is not larger than $2016$. Note: $\varphi(n)$ means Euler Function.

Let $f(x),g(x)$ be two polynomials with integer coefficients. It is known that for infinitely many prime $p$, there exist integer $m_p$ such that $$f(a) \equiv g(a+m_p) \pmod p$$ holds for all $a \in \mathbb{Z}.$ Prove that there exists a rational number $r$ such that $$f(x)=g(x+r).$$

Evaluate \[2^{7}\times 3^{0}+2^{6}\times 3^{1}+2^{5}\times 3^{2}+\cdots+2^{0}\times 3^{7}.\] [i]Proposed by Nathan Xiong[/i]

In a tetrahedron, segments connecting the midpoints of heights with the orthocenters of the faces to which these heights are drawn intersect at one point. Prove that in such a tetrahedron all faces are equal or there are perpendicular edges. (Yu. Blinkov)

Let $\mathbb{R}_{>0}$ be the set of the positive real numbers. Find all functions $f:\mathbb{R}_{>0} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}_{>0}$ such that $$f(xy+f(x))=f(f(x)f(y))+x$$ for all positive real numbers $x$ and $y$.

Given any triangle $ABC.$ Let $O_1$ be it's circumcircle, $O_2$ be it's nine point circle, $O_3$ is a circle with orthocenter of $ABC$, $H$, and centroid $G$, be it's diameter. Prove that: $O_1,O_2,O_3$ share axis. (i.e. chose any two of them, their axis will be the same one, if $ABC$ is an obtuse triangle, the three circle share two points.)

How many solutions satisfying the condition $1 < x < 5$ does the equation $\{x[x]\} = 0.5$ have? (Here $[x]$ is the integer part of the number $x$, $\{x\} = x - [x]$ is the fractional part of the number $x$.)

Let $A=\{1,2,\ldots,n\}$. Find the number of unordered triples $(X,Y,Z)$ that satisfy $X\bigcup Y \bigcup Z=A$

Let $k{}$ be a positive integer. For every positive integer $n \leq 3^k$, denote $b_n$ the greatest power of $3$ that divides $C_{3^k}^n$. Compute $\sum_{n=1}^{3^k-1} \frac{1}{b_n}$.

Let $ABC$ be a triangle, and let $r$ denote its inradius. Let $R_A$ denote the radius of the circle internally tangent at $A$ to the circle $ABC$ and tangent to the line $BC$; the radii $R_B$ and $R_C$ are defined similarly. Show that $\frac{1}{R_A} + \frac{1}{R_B} + \frac{1}{R_C}\leq\frac{2}{r}$.

Given a triangle $ABC$, let $D$ be the midpoint of the side $AC$ and let $M$ be the point that divides the segment $BD$ in the ratio $1/2$; that is, $MB/MD=1/2$. The rays $AM$ and $CM$ meet the sides $BC$ and $AB$ at points $E$ and $F$, respectively. Assume the two rays perpendicular: $AM\perp CM$. Show that the quadrangle $AFED$ is cyclic if and only if the median from $A$ in triangle $ABC$ meets the line $EF$ at a point situated on the circle $ABC$.

Determine all functions $f : \mathbb{R}^+\rightarrow\mathbb{R}$ that satisfy the following $f(1)=2008$, $|{f(x)}| \le x^2+1004^2$, $f\left (x+y+\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{y}\right )=f\left (x+\frac{1}{y}\right )+f\left (y+\frac{1}{x}\right ).$

An infinite grid with two rows is divided into unit squares. One of the cells in the second row is colored red and all other cells in the grid are white. Initially, we are in the red cell. In one move, we can move from one cell to an adjacent cell (sharing a side). Find the number of sequences of \( n \) moves such that no cell is visited more than once. (In particular, it is not allowed to return to the red cell after several moves.)

Let $m$ and $n$ be two positive integers, $m, n \ge 2$. Solve in the set of the positive integers the equation $x^n + y^n = 3^m$.

Let $A_1H_1,A_2H_2,A_3H_3$ be altitudes and $A_1L_1,A_2L_2,A_3L_3$ be bisectors of acute-angles triangle $A_1A_2A_3$. Prove the inequality $S(L_1L_2L_3)\ge S(H_1H_2H_3)$ where $S$ stands for the area of a triangle. [i](B. Bazylev)[/i]

A semicircular paper is folded along a chord such that the folded circular arc is tangent to the diameter of the semicircle. The radius of the semicircle is $4$ units and the point of tangency divides the diameter in the ratio $7 :1$. If the length of the crease (the dotted line segment in the figure) is $\ell$ then determine $ \ell^2$. [img]https://cdn.artofproblemsolving.com/attachments/5/6/63fed83742c8baa92d9e63962a77a57d43556f.png[/img]

In $ABC$ triangle $I$ is incenter and incircle of $ABC$ tangents to $BC,AC,AB$ at $D,E,F$, respectively. If $AI$ intersects $DE$ and $DF$ at $P$ and $Q$, prove that the circumcenter of $DPQ$ triangle is the midpoint of $BC$.

Is there a square with side lenght $\ell < 1$ that can completely cover any rectangle of diagonal $1$?

Let $ABCD$ be a cyclic quadrilateral. Assume that the points $Q, A, B, P$ are collinear in this order, in such a way that the line $AC$ is tangent to the circle $ADQ$, and the line $BD$ is tangent to the circle $BCP$. Let $M$ and $N$ be the midpoints of segments $BC$ and $AD$, respectively. Prove that the following three lines are concurrent: line $CD$, the tangent of circle $ANQ$ at point $A$, and the tangent to circle $BMP$ at point $B$.

Since $24 = 3+5+7+9$, the number $24$ can be written as the sum of at least two consecutive odd positive integers. (a) Can $2005$ be written as the sum of at least two consecutive odd positive integers? If yes, give an example of how it can be done. If no, provide a proof why not. (b) Can $2006$ be written as the sum of at least two consecutive odd positive integers? If yes, give an example of how it can be done. If no, provide a proof why not.