Olympiad problems

2023 South East Mathematical Olympiad, 4

Find the largest real number $c$, such that for any integer $s>1$, and positive integers $m, n$ coprime to $s$, we have$$ \sum_{j=1}^{s-1} \{ \frac{jm}{s} \}(1 - \{ \frac{jm}{s} \})\{ \frac{jn}{s} \}(1 - \{ \frac{jn}{s} \}) \ge cs$$ where $\{ x \} = x - \lfloor x \rfloor $.

2021 Olympic Revenge, 5

Tags: number theory , diophantine equation , arithmetic sequence , perfect square

Prove there aren't positive integers $a, b, c, d$ forming an arithmetic progression such that $ ab + 1, ac + 1, ad + 1, bc + 1, bd + 1, cd + 1 $ are all perfect squares.

2014 Tuymaada Olympiad, 4

Tags: parallelogram , induction , combinatorics , geometry

A $k\times \ell$ 'parallelogram' is drawn on a paper with hexagonal cells (it consists of $k$ horizontal rows of $\ell$ cells each). In this parallelogram a set of non-intersecting sides of hexagons is chosen; it divides all the vertices into pairs. Juniors) How many vertical sides can there be in this set? Seniors) How many ways are there to do that? [asy] size(120); defaultpen(linewidth(0.8)); path hex = dir(30)--dir(90)--dir(150)--dir(210)--dir(270)--dir(330)--cycle; for(int i=0;i<=3;i=i+1) { for(int j=0;j<=2;j=j+1) { real shiftx=j*sqrt(3)/2+i*sqrt(3),shifty=j*3/2; draw(shift(shiftx,shifty)*hex); } } [/asy] [i](T. Doslic)[/i]

2024 Israel National Olympiad (Gillis), P4

Tags: geometry , triangle , circumcenter , geometric transformation , reflection , concurrency

Acute triangle $ABC$ is inscribed in a circle with center $O$. The reflections of $O$ across the three altitudes of the triangle are called $U$, $V$, $W$: $U$ over the altitude from $A$, $V$ over the altitude from $B$, and $W$ over the altitude from $C$. Let $\ell_A$ be a line through $A$ parallel to $VW$, and define $\ell_B$, $\ell_C$ similarly. Prove that the three lines $\ell_A$, $\ell_B$, $\ell_C$ are concurrent.

2007 Today's Calculation Of Integral, 210

Tags: calculus , integration , trigonometry , function , calculus computations , logarithm

Evaluate $\int_{1}^{\pi}\left(x^{3}\ln x-\frac{6}{x}\right)\sin x\ dx$.

2008 239 Open Mathematical Olympiad, 6

Tags: polynomial , algebra , function

Given a polynomial $P(x,y)$ with real coefficients, suppose that some real function $f:\mathbb R \to \mathbb R$ satisfies $$P(x,y) = f(x+y)-f(x)-f(y)$$for all $x,y\in\mathbb R$. Show that some polynomial $q$ satisfies $$P(x,y) = q(x+y)-q(x)-q(y)$$

2014 Chile National Olympiad, 4

Tags: number theory , divide , divisible

Prove that for every integer $n$ the expression $n^3-9n + 27$ is not divisible by $81$.

2015 China Team Selection Test, 5

Tags: number theory , diophantine equation

FIx positive integer $n$. Prove: For any positive integers $a,b,c$ not exceeding $3n^2+4n$, there exist integers $x,y,z$ with absolute value not exceeding $2n$ and not all $0$, such that $ax+by+cz=0$

1992 Taiwan National Olympiad, 3

Tags: induction , inequalities , algebra

If $x_{1},x_{2},...,x_{n}(n>2)$ are positive real numbers with $x_{1}+x_{2}+...+x_{n}=1$. Prove that $x_{1}^{2}x_{2}+x_{2}^{2}x_{3}+...+x_{n}^{2}x_{1}\leq\frac{4}{27}$.

2022 Stars of Mathematics, 2

Tags: geometry

Let $ABCD$ be a convex quadrilateral and $P$ be a point in its interior, such that $\angle APB+\angle CPD=\angle BPC+\angle DPA$, $\angle PAD+\angle PCD=\angle PAB+\angle PCB$ and $\angle PDC+ \angle PBC= \angle PDA+\angle PBA$. Prove that the quadrilateral is circumscribed.

PEN J Problems, 17

Tags: function , number theory , totient function , divisor function

Show that $\phi(n)+\sigma(n) \ge 2n$ for all positive integers $n$.

2005 MOP Homework, 1

Tags: number theory

Find all triples $(x,y,z)$ such that $x^2+y^2+z^2=2^{2004}$.

2021 Final Mathematical Cup, 3

Tags: algebra , number theory

For a positive integer $n$ we define $f (n) = \max X_1^{X_2^{...^{X_k}}}$ where the maximum is taken over all possible decompositions of natural numbers $n = X_1X_2...X_k$. Determine $f(n)$.

2023 Serbia National Math Olympiad, 6

Tags: geometry , mixtilinear incircle , configuration

Given is a triangle $ABC$ with incenter $I$ and circumcircle $\omega$. The incircle is tangent to $BC$ at $D$. The perpendicular at $I$ to $AI$ meets $AB, AC$ at $E, F$ and the circle $(AEF)$ meets $\omega$ and $AI$ at $G, H$. The tangent at $G$ to $\omega$ meets $BC$ at $J$ and $AJ$ meets $\omega$ at $K$. Prove that $(DJK)$ and $(GIH)$ are tangent to each other.

2017 Costa Rica - Final Round, 4

Tags: algebra , polynomial

Let $k$ be a real number, such that the equation $kx^2 + k = 3x^2 + 2-2kx$ has two real solutions different. Determine all possible values of $k$, such that the sum of the roots of the equation is equal to the product of the roots of the equation increased by $k$.

2019 Belarusian National Olympiad, 11.3

Tags: combinatorics

The sum of several (not necessarily different) real numbers from $[0,1]$ doesn't exceed $S$. Find the maximum value of $S$ such that it is always possible to partition these numbers into two groups with sums $A\le 8$ and $B\le 4$. [i](I. Gorodnin)[/i]

2007 ITest, 45

Tags: algebra , polynomial , modular arithmetic

Find the sum of all positive integers $B$ such that $(111)_B=(aabbcc)_6$, where $a,b,c$ represent distinct base $6$ digits, $a\neq 0$.

1954 AMC 12/AHSME, 43

Tags: geometry , perimeter , inradius

The hypotenuse of a right triangle is $ 10$ inches and the radius of the inscribed circle is $ 1$ inch. The perimeter of the triangle in inches is: $ \textbf{(A)}\ 15 \qquad \textbf{(B)}\ 22 \qquad \textbf{(C)}\ 24 \qquad \textbf{(D)}\ 26 \qquad \textbf{(E)}\ 30$

1988 IMO Longlists, 56

Tags: combinatorics

Given a set of 1988 points in the plane. No four points of the set are collinear. The points of a subset with 1788 points are coloured blue, the remaining 200 are coloured red. Prove that there exists a line in the plane such that each of the two parts into which the line divides the plane contains 894 blue points and 100 red points.

1998 National Olympiad First Round, 8

Tags: quadratic , arithmetic sequence

$ a_{1} \equal{}1$, $ a_{n\plus{}1} \equal{}\frac{a_{n} }{\sqrt{1\plus{}4a_{n}^{2} } }$ for $ n\ge 1$. What is the least $ k$ such that $ a_{k} <10^{\minus{}2}$ ? $\textbf{(A)}\ 2501 \qquad\textbf{(B)}\ 251 \qquad\textbf{(C)}\ 2499 \qquad\textbf{(D)}\ 249 \qquad\textbf{(E)}\ \text{None}$

2005 Kazakhstan National Olympiad, 1

Tags: trigonometry , algebra

Solve equation \[2^{\tfrac{1}{2}-2|x|} = \left| {\tan x + \frac{1}{2}} \right| + \left| {\tan x - \frac{1}{2}} \right|\]

2021 Taiwan TST Round 1, N

Tags: floor function , sequence , number theory

For each positive integer $n$, define $V_n=\lfloor 2^n\sqrt{2020}\rfloor+\lfloor 2^n\sqrt{2021}\rfloor$. Prove that, in the sequence $V_1,V_2,\ldots,$ there are infinitely many odd integers, as well as infinitely many even integers. [i]Remark.[/i] $\lfloor x\rfloor$ is the largest integer that does not exceed the real number $x$.

2018 Middle European Mathematical Olympiad, 2

Tags: combinatorics , invariant , coloring

The two figures depicted below consisting of $6$ and $10$ unit squares, respectively, are called staircases. Consider a $2018\times 2018$ board consisting of $2018^2$ cells, each being a unit square. Two arbitrary cells were removed from the same row of the board. Prove that the rest of the board cannot be cut (along the cell borders) into staircases (possibly rotated).

2023 MOAA, Tie

Tags:

TB1. Two not necessarily distinct positive integers $a,b$ are randomly chosen from the set $\{1,2,\ldots, 20\}$. Find the expected value of the number of distinct prime factors of $ab$. [i]Proposed by Harry Kim[/i] TB2. Square $ABCD$ has side length $15$. Let $E$ and $F$ be points on $AD$ and $BC$ respectively such that $AE = 5$ and $BF = 5$. Find the area of intersection between triangles $\triangle{AFC}$ and $\triangle{BED}$. [i]Proposed by Andy Xu[/i] TB3. If $x$ and $y$ satisfy $$\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{y} = 2$$ $$\frac{x}{y}+\frac{y}{x} = 3$$ find $xy$. [i]Proposed by Harry Kim and Andy Xu[/i]

1981 All Soviet Union Mathematical Olympiad, 304

Tags: geometry , chessboard , area

Two equal chess-boards ($8\times 8$) have the same centre, but one is rotated by $45$ degrees with respect to another. Find the total area of black fields intersection, if the fields have unit length sides.