Show that if the point $ M $ is situated in the interior of a square $ ABCD, $ then, among the segments $ MA,MB,MC,MD, $ [b]a)[/b] at most one of them is greater with a factor of $ \sqrt 5/2 $ than the side of the square. [b]b)[/b] at most two of them are greater than the side of the square. [b]c)[/b] at most three of them are greater with a factor of $ \sqrt 2/2 $ than the side of the square.

We assume a truck as a $1 \times (k + 1)$ tile. Our parking is a $(2k + 1) \times (2k + 1)$ table and there are $t$ trucks parked in it. Some trucks are parked horizontally and some trucks are parked vertically in the parking. The vertical trucks can only move vertically (in their column) and the horizontal trucks can only move horizontally (in their row). Another truck is willing to enter the parking lot (it can only enter from somewhere on the boundary). For $3k + 1 < t < 4k$, prove that we can move other trucks forward or backward in such a way that the new truck would be able to enter the lot. Prove that the statement is not necessarily true for $t = 3k + 1$.

For nonnegative integers $m$ and $n$, define the sequence $a(m,n)$ of real numbers as follows. Set $a(0,0)=2$ and for every natural number $n$, set $a(0,n)=1$ and $a(n,0)=2$. Then for $m,n\geq1$, define \[ a(m,n)=a(m-1,n)+a(m,n-1). \] Prove that for every natural number $k$, all the roots of the polynomial $P_{k}(x)=\sum_{i=0}^{k}a(i,2k+1-2i)x^{i}$ are real.

Given natural number n. Suppose that $N$ is the maximum number of elephants that can be placed on a chessboard measuring $2 \times n$ so that no two elephants are mutually under attack. Determine the number of ways to put $N$ elephants on a chessboard sized $2 \times n$ so that no two elephants attack each other. Alternative Formulation: Determine the number of ways to put $2015$ elephants on a chessboard measuring $2 \times 2015$ so there are no two elephants attacking each othe PS. Elephant = Bishop

Define the modulo $2553$ distance $d(x, y)$ between two integers $x, y$ to be the smallest nonnegative integer $d$ equivalent to either $x - y$ or $y - x$ modulo $2553$. Show that, given a set S of integers such that $|S| \ge 70$, there must be $m, n \in S$ with $d(m, n) \le 36$.

Let $n$ be a positive integer. Prove that the number of lines which go through the origin and precisely one other point with integer coordinates $(x,y),0\le x,y\le n$, is at least $\frac{n^2}{4}$.

Evaluate $ \int_1^{e^2} \frac{(e^{\sqrt{x}}\minus{}e^{\minus{}\sqrt{x}})\cos \left(e^{\sqrt{x}}\plus{}e^{\minus{}\sqrt{x}}\plus{}\frac{\pi}{4}\right)\plus{}(e^{\sqrt{x}}\plus{}e^{\minus{}\sqrt{x}})\cos \left(e^{\sqrt{x}}\minus{}e^{\minus{}\sqrt{x}}\plus{}\frac{\pi}{4}\right)}{\sqrt{x}}\ dx.$

Let $\sum_{i=1}^n a_i x_i =0$, $a_i\in \mathbb{Z}$. It is known that however we color $\mathbb{N}$ with finite number of colors, then the upper equation has a solution $x_1,x_2,...,x_n$ in one color. Prove that there is some non-empty sum of its coefficients equal to 0.

Three points are given on the plane. With the help of compass and ruler construct a straight line in this plane, which will be equidistant from these three points. Explore how many solutions have this construction.

A rectangular piece of paper $ABCD$ has sides of lengths $AB = 1$, $BC = 2$. The rectangle is folded in half such that $AD$ coincides with $BC$ and $EF$ is the folding line. Then fold the paper along a line $BM$ such that the corner $A$ falls on line $EF$. How large, in degrees, is $\angle ABM$? [asy] size(180); pathpen = rgb(0,0,0.6)+linewidth(1); pointpen = black+linewidth(3); pointfontpen = fontsize(10); pen dd = rgb(0,0,0.6) + linewidth(0.7) + linetype("4 4"), dr = rgb(0.8,0,0), dg = rgb(0,0.6,0), db = rgb(0,0,0.6)+linewidth(1); pair A=(0,1), B=(0,0), C=(2,0), D=(2,1), E=A/2, F=(2,.5), M=(1/3^.5,1), N=reflect(B,M)*A; D(B--M--D("N",N,NE)--B--D("C",C,SE)--D("D",D,NE)--M); D(D("M",M,plain.N)--D("A",A,NW)--D("B",B,SW),dd); D(D("E",E,W)--D("F",F,plain.E),dd); [/asy]

Let the Nagel point of triangle $ABC$ be $N$. We draw lines from $B$ and $C$ to $N$ so that these lines intersect sides $AC$ and $AB$ in $D$ and $E$ respectively. $M$ and $T$ are midpoints of segments $BE$ and $CD$ respectively. $P$ is the second intersection point of circumcircles of triangles $BEN$ and $CDN$. $l_1$ and $l_2$ are perpendicular lines to $PM$ and $PT$ in points $M$ and $T$ respectively. Prove that lines $l_1$ and $l_2$ intersect on the circumcircle of triangle $ABC$. [i]Proposed by Nima Hamidi[/i]

Equilateral $\triangle ABC$ has side length $1$, and squares $ABDE$, $BCHI$, $CAFG$ lie outside the triangle. What is the area of hexagon $DEFGHI$? [asy] import graph; size(6cm); pen dps = linewidth(0.7) + fontsize(8); defaultpen(dps); pair B = (0,0); pair C = (1,0); pair A = rotate(60,B)*C; pair E = rotate(270,A)*B; pair D = rotate(270,E)*A; pair F = rotate(90,A)*C; pair G = rotate(90,F)*A; pair I = rotate(270,B)*C; pair H = rotate(270,I)*B; draw(A--B--C--cycle); draw(A--E--D--B); draw(A--F--G--C); draw(B--I--H--C); draw(E--F); draw(D--I); draw(I--H); draw(H--G); label("$A$",A,N); label("$B$",B,SW); label("$C$",C,SE); label("$D$",D,W); label("$E$",E,W); label("$F$",F,E); label("$G$",G,E); label("$H$",H,SE); label("$I$",I,SW); [/asy] $ \textbf{(A)}\ \dfrac{12+3\sqrt3}4\qquad\textbf{(B)}\ \dfrac92\qquad\textbf{(C)}\ 3+\sqrt3\qquad\textbf{(D)}\ \dfrac{6+3\sqrt3}2\qquad\textbf{(E)}\ 6 $

Let $ABC$ be a scalene triangle with circumcircle $\Gamma$. Let $M$ be the midpoint of $BC$. A variable point $P$ is selected in the line segment $AM$. The circumcircles of triangles $BPM$ and $CPM$ intersect $\Gamma$ again at points $D$ and $E$, respectively. The lines $DP$ and $EP$ intersect (a second time) the circumcircles to triangles $CPM$ and $BPM$ at $X$ and $Y$, respectively. Prove that as $P$ varies, the circumcircle of $\triangle AXY$ passes through a fixed point $T$ distinct from $A$.

The area and the perimeter of the triangle with sides $10,8,6$ are equal. Find all the triangles with integral sides whose area and perimeter are equal.

A [i]discrete hexagon with center \((a,b,c)\) \emph{(where \(a\), \(b\), \(c\) are integers)[/i] and radius \(r\) [i](a nonnegative integer)[/i]} is the set of lattice points \((x,y,z)\) such that \(x+y+z=a+b+c\) and \(\max(|x-a|,|y-b|,|z-c|)\le r\). Let \(n\) be a nonnegative integer and \(S\) be the set of triples \((x,y,z)\) of nonnegative integers such that \(x+y+z=n\). If \(S\) is partitioned into discrete hexagons, show that at least \(n+1\) hexagons are needed. [i]Proposed by Linus Tang[/i]

Into every lateral face of a quadrangular pyramid a circle is inscribed. The circles inscribed into adjacent faces are tangent (have one point in common). Prove that the points of contact of the circles with the base of the pyramid lie on a circle.

A cat and mouse live on a house mapped out by the points $(-1, 0)$, $(-1, 2)$, $(0, 3)$, $(1, 2)$, $(1, 0)$. The cat starts at the top of the house (point $(0, 3)$) and the mouse starts at the origin (0, 0). Both start running clockwise around the house at the same time. If the cat runs at $12$ units a minute and the mouse at 9 units a minute, how many laps around the house will the cat run before it catches the mouse?

Let $ABC$ be an acute triangle such that $AB < AC$. Let $\omega$ be the circumcircle of $ABC$ and assume that the tangent to $\omega$ at $A$ intersects the line $BC$ at $D$. Let $\Omega$ be the circle with center $D$ and radius $AD$. Denote by $E$ the second intersection point of $\omega$ and $\Omega$. Let $M$ be the midpoint of $BC$. If the line $BE$ meets $\Omega$ again at $X$, and the line $CX$ meets $\Omega$ for the second time at $Y$, show that $A, Y$, and $M$ are collinear. [i]Proposed by Nikola Velov, North Macedonia[/i]

For a prime number $p$. Can the number of n positive integers that make the expression \[\dfrac{n^3+np+1}{n+p+1}\] an integer be $777$?

[b]8.1[/b] Four circles are placed on planes so that each one touches the other two externally. Prove that the points of tangency lie on one circle. [img]https://cdn.artofproblemsolving.com/attachments/9/8/883a82fb568954b09a4499a955372e2492dbb8.png[/img] [b]8.2[/b]. Let the integers $a$ and $b$ be represented as $x^2-5y^2$, where $x$ and $y$ are integer numbers. Prove that the number $ab$ can also be presented in this form. [b]8.3[/b] Solve the equation $x(x + d)(x + 2d)(x + 3d) = a$. [b]8.4 / 9.1[/b] Let $a+b+c=1$, $m+n+p=1 $. Prove that $$-1 \le am + bn + cp \le 1 $$ [b]8.5[/b] Inscribe a triangle with the largest area in a semicircle. [b]8.6[/b] Three circles of the same radius intersect at one point. Prove that the other three points intersections lie on a circle of the same radius. [img]https://cdn.artofproblemsolving.com/attachments/4/7/014952f2dcf0349d54b07230e45a42c242a49d.png[/img] [b]8.7[/b] Find the circle of smallest radius that contains a given triangle. [b]8.8 / 9.2[/b] Given a polynomial $$x^{2n} +a_1x^{2n-2} + a_2x^{2n-4} + ... + a_{n-1}x^2 + a_n,$$ which is divisible by $ x-1$. Prove that it is divisible by $x^2-1$. [b]8.9[/b] Prove that for any prime number $p$ other than $2$ and from $5$, there is a natural number $k$ such that only ones are involved in the decimal notation of the number $pk$.. PS. You should use hide for answers.Collected [url=https://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c3983459_1962_leningrad_math_olympiad]here[/url].

$f(x) = [x] + [2x] + [3x] + [4x] + [5x] + [6x]$. What values does $f$ take?

Find the remainder when $2020!$ is divided by $2020^2.$ [i]Proposed by Kevin Zhao[/i]

Let $N$ be a positive integer such that $N$ and $N^2$ both end in the same four digits $\overline{abcd}$, where $a \ne 0$. What is the four-digit number $\overline{abcd}$?

Point $A$ and segment $BC$ are given. Determine the locus of points in space which are vertices of right angles with one side passing through $A$, and the other side intersecting segment $BC$.

In the trapezium $ABCD$, a point $M$ is chosen on the non-base segment $AB$. Through the points $M,A,D$ and $M,B,C$ are drawn circles $k_1$ and $k_2$ with centers $O_1$ and $O_2$. Prove that: (a) the second intersection point $N$ of $k_1$ and $k_2$ lies on the other non-base segment $CD$ or on its continuation; (b) the length of the line $O_1O_2$ doesn’t depend on the location of $M$ on $AB$; (c) the triangles $O_1MO_2$ and $DMC$ are similar. Find such a position of $M$ on $AB$ that makes $k_1$ and $k_2$ have the same radius.