Each of the small circles in the figure has radius one. The innermost circle is tangent to the six circles that surround it, and each of those circles is tangent to the large circle and to its small-circle neighbors. Find the area of the shaded region. [asy]unitsize(.3cm); defaultpen(linewidth(.8pt)); path c=Circle((0,2),1); filldraw(Circle((0,0),3),grey,black); filldraw(Circle((0,0),1),white,black); filldraw(c,white,black); filldraw(rotate(60)*c,white,black); filldraw(rotate(120)*c,white,black); filldraw(rotate(180)*c,white,black); filldraw(rotate(240)*c,white,black); filldraw(rotate(300)*c,white,black);[/asy]$ \textbf{(A)}\ \pi \qquad \textbf{(B)}\ 1.5\pi \qquad \textbf{(C)}\ 2\pi \qquad \textbf{(D)}\ 3\pi \qquad \textbf{(E)}\ 3.5\pi$

Let $a,b,c$ be the side lengths of any triangle. Prove that $$\frac{a}{\sqrt{2b^2+2c^2-a^2}}+\frac{b}{\sqrt{2c^2+2a^2-b^2 }}+\frac{c}{\sqrt{2a^2+2b^2-c^2}}\ge \sqrt{3}.$$ [i](Zhuge Liang)[/i]

Prove that every multiple of $3$ can be written as a sum of four cubes (positive or negatives).

Given a triangle $ABC$, let $P$ and $Q$ be points on segments $\overline{AB}$ and $\overline{AC}$, respectively, such that $AP=AQ$. Let $S$ and $R$ be distinct points on segment $\overline{BC}$ such that $S$ lies between $B$ and $R$, $\angle BPS=\angle PRS$, and $\angle CQR=\angle QSR$. Prove that $P,Q,R,S$ are concyclic (in other words, these four points lie on a circle).

Given an acute and scalene triangle $ABC$ with $AB<AC$ and random line $(e)$ that passes throuh the center of the circumscribed circles $c(O,R)$. Line $(e)$, intersects sides $BC,AC,AB$ at points $A_1,B_1,C_1$ respectively (point $C_1$ lies on the extension of $AB$ towards $B$). Perpendicular from $A$ on line $(e)$ and $AA_1$ intersect circumscribed circle $c(O,R)$ at points $M$ and $A_2$ respectively. Prove that a) points $O,A_1,A_2, M$ are consyclic b) if $(c_2)$ is the circumcircle of triangle $(OBC_1)$ and $(c_3)$ is the circumcircle of triangle $(OCB_1)$, then circles $(c_1),(c_2)$ and $(c_3)$ have a common chord

Show that amongst any $ 8$ points in the interior of a $7 \times 12$ rectangle, there exists a pair whose distance is less than $5$. Note: The interior of a rectangle excludes points lying on the sides of the rectangle.

Let $\{A_n | n = 1, 2, \cdots \} $ be a set of points in the plane such that for each $n$, the disk with center $A_n$ and radius $2^n$ contains no other point $A_j$ . For any given positive real numbers $a < b$ and $R$, show that there is a subset $G$ of the plane satisfying: [b](i)[/b] the area of $G$ is greater than or equal to $R$; [b](ii) [/b]for each point $P$ in $G$, $a < \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{|A_nP|} <b.$

In a certain right triangle, dropping an altitude to the hypotenuse divides the hypotenuse into two segments of length $2$ and $3$ respectively. What is the area of the triangle?

Let $ABCDEF$ be a regular hexagon, in the sides $AB$, $CD$, $DE$ and $FA$ we choose four points $P,Q,R$ and $S$ respectively, such that $PQRS$ is a square. Prove that $PQ$ and $BC$ are parallel.

The trapezoid is inscribed in a circle. Prove that the sum of distances from any point of the circle to the midpoints of the lateral sides are not less than the diagonal of the trapezoid.

Let $\Omega_1$ and $\Omega_2$ be two circles in the plane. Suppose the common external tangent to $\Omega_1$ and $\Omega_2$ has length $2017$ while their common internal tangent has length $2009$. Find the product of the radii of $\Omega_1$ and $\Omega_2$. [i]Proposed by David Altizio[/i]

Consider triangle $ABC$ with orthocenter $H$. Let points $M$ and $N$ be the midpoints of segments $BC$ and $AH$. Point $D$ lies on line $MH$ so that $AD\parallel BC$ and point $K$ lies on line $AH$ so that $DNMK$ is cyclic. Points $E$ and $F$ lie on lines $AC$ and $AB$ such that $\angle EHM=\angle C$ and $\angle FHM=\angle B$. Prove that points $D,E,F$ and $K$ lie on a circle. [i]Proposed by Alireza Dadgarnia[/i]

The apothem of a square having its area numerically equal to its perimeter is compared with the apothem of an equilateral triangle having its area numerically equal to its perimeter. The first apothem will be: $ \textbf{(A)}\ \text{equal to the second} \qquad\textbf{(B)}\ \frac {4}{3} \text{ times the second} \qquad\textbf{(C)}\ \frac {2}{\sqrt {3}} \text{ times the second} \\ \textbf{(D)}\ \frac {\sqrt {2}}{\sqrt {3}} \text{ times the second} \qquad\textbf{(E)}\ \text{indeterminately related to the second}$ [i][Note: The apothem of a regular polygon is a line segment from the center to the midpoint of one of its sides.][/i]

$ABC$ is an arbitrary triangle. $A',B',C'$ are midpoints of arcs $BC, AC, AB$. Sides of triangle $ABC$, intersect sides of triangle $A'B'C'$ at points $P,Q,R,S,T,F$. Prove that \[\frac{S_{PQRSTF}}{S_{ABC}}=1-\frac{ab+ac+bc}{(a+b+c)^{2}}\]

For triangle $ABC$, $P$ and $Q$ satisfy $\angle BPA + \angle AQC=90^{\circ}$. It is provided that the vertices of the triangle $BAP$ and $ACQ$ are ordered counterclockwise(or clockwise). Let the intersection of the circumcircles of the two triangles be $N$ ($A \neq N$, however if $A$ is the only intersection $A=N$), and the midpoint of segment $BC$ be $M$. Show that the length of $MN$ does not depend on $P$ and $Q$.

A convex polygon is circumscribed around a circle. Points of contact of its sides with the circle form a polygon with the same set of angles (the order of angles may differ). Is it true that the polygon is regular?

In the cartesian plane consider rectangles with sides parallel to the coordinate axes. We say that one rectangle is [i]below[/i] another rectangle if there is a line $g$ parallel to the $x$-axis such that the first rectangle is below $g$, the second one above $g$ and both rectangles do not touch $g$. Similarly, we say that one rectangle is [i]to the right of[/i] another rectangle if there is a line $h$ parallel to the $y$-axis such that the first rectangle is to the right of $h$, the second one to the left of $h$ and both rectangles do not touch $h$. Show that any finite set of $n$ pairwise disjoint rectangles with sides parallel to the coordinate axes can be enumerated as a sequence $(R_1,\dots,R_n)$ so that for all indices $i,j$ with $1 \le i<j \le n$ the rectangle $R_i$ is to the right of or below the rectangle $R_j$

Let a regular polygon with $p$ vertices be given, where $p$ is an odd prime number. At every vertex there is one monkey. An owner of monkeys takes $p$ peanuts, goes along the perimeter of polygon clockwise and delivers to the monkeys by the following rule: Gives the first peanut for the leader, skips the two next vertices and gives the second peanut to the monkey at the next vertex; skip four next vertices gives the second peanut for the monkey at the next vertex ... after giving the $k$-th peanut, he skips the $2 \cdot k$ next vertices and gives $k+1$-th for the monkey at the next vertex. He does so until all $p$ peanuts are delivered. [b]I.[/b] How many monkeys are there which does not receive peanuts? [b]II.[/b] How many edges of polygon are there which satisfying condition: both two monkey at its vertex received peanut(s)?

Let $p(x)$ be an $n$-degree $(n \ge 2)$ polynomial with integer coefficients. If there are infinitely many positive integers $m$, such that $p(m)$ at most $n -1$ different prime factors $f$, prove that $p(x)$ has at most $n-1$ different rational roots . [color=#f00]a help in translation is welcome[/color]

Let $H$ be the orthocenter of an acute-angled triangle $ABC$. Point $X_A$ lying on the tangent at $H$ to the circumcircle of triangle $BHC$ is such that $AH=AX_A$ and $X_A \not= H$. Points $X_B,X_C$ are defined similarly. Prove that the triangle $X_AX_BX_C$ and the orthotriangle of $ABC$ are similar.

[url=https://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c677808][b]Cyprus IMO TST 2018[/b][/url] [url=https://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h1666662p10591751][b]Problem 1.[/b][/url] Determine all integers $n \geq 2$ for which the number $11111$ in base $n$ is a perfect square. [url=https://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h1666663p10591753][b]Problem 2.[/b][/url] Consider a trapezium $AB \Gamma \Delta$, where $A\Delta \parallel B\Gamma$ and $\measuredangle A = 120^{\circ}$. Let $E$ be the midpoint of $AB$ and let $O_1$ and $O_2$ be the circumcenters of triangles $AE \Delta$ and $BE\Gamma$, respectively. Prove that the area of the trapezium is equal to six time the area of the triangle $O_1 E O_2$. [url=https://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h1666660p10591747][b]Problem 3.[/b][/url] Find all triples $(\alpha, \beta, \gamma)$ of positive real numbers for which the expression $$K = \frac{\alpha+3 \gamma}{\alpha + 2\beta + \gamma} + \frac{4\beta}{\alpha+\beta+2\gamma} - \frac{8 \gamma}{\alpha+ \beta + 3\gamma}$$obtains its minimum value. [url=https://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h1666661p10591749][b]Problem 4.[/b][/url] Let $\Lambda= \{1, 2, \ldots, 2v-1,2v\}$ and $P=\{\alpha_1, \alpha_2, \ldots, \alpha_{2v-1}, \alpha_{2v}\}$ be a permutation of the elements of $\Lambda$. (a) Prove that $$\sum_{i=1}^v \alpha_{2i-1}\alpha_{2i} \leq \sum_{i=1}^v (2i-1)2i.$$(b) Determine the largest positive integer $m$ such that we can partition the $m\times m$ square into $7$ rectangles for which every pair of them has no common interior points and their lengths and widths form the following sequence: $$1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14.$$

A point $E$ is located inside a parallelogram $ABCD$ such that $\angle BAE = \angle BCE$. The centers of the circumcircles of the triangles $ABE,ECB, CDE$ and $DAE$ are concyclic.

Let $S$ be the set of 81 points $(x, y)$ such that $x$ and $y$ are integers from $-4$ through $4$. Let $A$, $B$, and $C$ be random points chosen independently from $S$, with each of the 81 points being equally likely. (The points $A$, $B$, and $C$ do not have to be different.) Let $K$ be the area of the (possibly degenerate) triangle $ABC$. What is the expected value (average value) of $K^2$ ?

In a triangle $ABC$, $\angle ACB=60^{\circ}$. Points $D, E$ lie on segments $BC, AC$ respectively. Points $K, L$ are such that $ADK$ and $BEL$ are equlateral, $A$ and $L$ lie on opposite sides of $BE$, $B$ and $K$ lie on the opposite siedes of $AD$. Prove that $$AE+BD=KL.$$

In the diagram below, square $ABCD$ with side length 23 is cut into nine rectangles by two lines parallel to $\overline{AB}$ and two lines parallel to $\overline{BC}$. The areas of four of these rectangles are indicated in the diagram. Compute the largest possible value for the area of the central rectangle. [asy] size(250); defaultpen (linewidth (0.7) + fontsize (10)); draw ((0,0)--(23,0)--(23,23)--(0,23)--cycle); label("$A$", (0,23), NW); label("$B$", (23, 23), NE); label("$C$", (23,0), SE); label("$D$", (0,0), SW); draw((0,6)--(23,6)); draw((0,19)--(23,19)); draw((5,0)--(5,23)); draw((12,0)--(12,23)); label("13", (17/2, 21)); label("111",(35/2,25/2)); label("37",(17/2,3)); label("123",(2.5,12.5));[/asy] [i]Proposed by Lewis Chen[/i]