Let $m, n \ge 2$ be integers. Carl is given $n$ marked points in the plane and wishes to mark their centroid.* He has no standard compass or straightedge. Instead, he has a device which, given marked points $A$ and $B$, marks the $m-1$ points that divide segment $\overline{AB}$ into $m$ congruent parts (but does not draw the segment). For which pairs $(m,n)$ can Carl necessarily accomplish his task, regardless of which $n$ points he is given? *Here, the [i]centroid[/i] of $n$ points with coordinates $(x_1, y_1), \dots, (x_n, y_n)$ is the point with coordinates $\left( \frac{x_1 + \dots + x_n}{n}, \frac{y_1 + \dots + y_n}{n}\right)$. [i]Proposed by Holden Mui and Carl Schildkraut[/i]

A square has sides of length $ 10$, and a circle centered at one of its vertices has radius $ 10$. What is the area of the union of the regions enclosed by the square and the circle? $ \textbf{(A)}\ 200 \plus{} 25\pi\qquad \textbf{(B)}\ 100 \plus{} 75\pi\qquad \textbf{(C)}\ 75 \plus{} 100\pi\qquad \textbf{(D)}\ 100 \plus{} 100\pi$ $ \textbf{(E)}\ 100 \plus{} 125\pi$

Let $ABCDEF$ be a regular hexagon with side length $1$. Denote by $X$, $Y$, and $Z$ the midpoints of sides $\overline{AB},\overline{CD},\overline{EF}$, respectively. What is the area of the convex hexagon whose interior is the intersection of the interiors of $\triangle{ACE}$ and $\triangle{XYZ}$? $\textbf{(A) }\dfrac{3}{8}\sqrt{3}\qquad\textbf{(B) }\dfrac{7}{16}\sqrt{3}\qquad\textbf{(C) }\dfrac{15}{32}\sqrt{3}\qquad\textbf{(D) }\dfrac{1}{2}\sqrt{3}\qquad\textbf{(E) }\dfrac{9}{16}\sqrt{3}$

Let $ABC$ be an equilateral triangle with side length $1.$ Then, let $M$ be the midpoint of $\overline{BC}.$ The area of all points within $ABC$ that are closer to $M$ than either of $A, B,$ or $C$ can be expressed as the fraction $\tfrac{\sqrt{a}}{b}$ where $a$ is not divisible by the square of any prime and $b$ is a positive integer. Find $a+b.$

Suppose that $ p$ is a prime number. Prove that for each $ k$, there exists an $ n$ such that: \[ \left(\begin{array}{c}n\\ \hline p\end{array}\right)\equal{}\left(\begin{array}{c}n\plus{}k\\ \hline p\end{array}\right)\]

Let $p > 3$ be a prime number, and let $F_p$ denote the (finite) set of residue classes modulo $p$. Let $S_d$ denote the set of $2$-variable polynomials $P(x, y)$ with coefficients in $F_p$, total degree $\le d$, and satisfying $P(x, y) = P(y,- x -y)$. Show that $$|S_d| = p^{\lceil (d+1)(d+2)/6 \rceil}$$. [i]The total degree of a $2$-variable polynomial $P(x, y)$ is the largest value of $i + j$ among monomials $x^iy^j$ [/i] appearing in $P$.

a) Find two sets $X,Y$ such that $X\cap Y =\emptyset$, $X\cup Y = \mathbb Q^{\star}_{+}$ and $Y = \{a\cdot b \mid a,b \in X \}$. b) Find two sets $U,V$ such that $U\cap V =\emptyset$, $U\cup V = \mathbb R$ and $V = \{x+y \mid x,y \in U \}$.

Let $\alpha, \beta$ and $\gamma$ denote the angles of the triangle $ABC$. The perpendicular bisector of $AB$ intersects $BC$ at the point $X$, the perpendicular bisector of $AC$ intersects it at $Y$. Prove that $\tan(\beta) \cdot \tan(\gamma) = 3$ implies $BC= XY$ (or in other words: Prove that a sufficient condition for $BC = XY$ is $\tan(\beta) \cdot \tan(\gamma) = 3$). Show that this condition is not necessary, and give a necessary and sufficient condition for $BC = XY$.

Find the number of integers $n > 1$ which divide $a^{25} - a$ for every integer $a$.

Consider $120$ unit squares arbitrarily situated in a $20\times 25$ rectangle. Prove that one can place a circle with unit diameter in the rectangle without intersecting any of the squares.

In how many ways can one arrange seven white and five black balls in a line in such a way that there are no two neighboring black balls?

Let $p$ be a prime number and let $m, n$ be integers greater than $1$ such that $n | m^{p(n-1)} - 1$. Prove that $gcd(m^{n-1} - 1, n) > 1$.

Let the number $x$. Using multiply and division operations of any 2 given or already given numbers we can obtain powers with natural exponent of the number $x$ (for example, $x\cdot x=x^{2}$, $x^{2}\cdot x^{2}=x^{4}$, $x^{4}: x=x^{3}$, etc). Determine the minimal number of operations needed for calculating $x^{2006}$.

Let the numbers $a, b,c$ satisfy the relation $a^2+b^2+c^2+d^2 \le 12$. Determine the maximum value of $M = 4(a^3 + b^3 + c^3+d^3) - (a^4 + b^4 + c^4+d^4)$

In a classroom of at least four students, when any four of them take seats around a round table, there is always someone who either knows both of his neighbors, or does not know either of his neighbors. Prove that it is possible to divide the students into two groups so that in one of them, all students knows one another, and in the other, none of the students know each other. [i]Note: If $A$ knows $B$, then $B$ knows $A$ as well.[/i]

Find the biggest natural number $m$ that has the following property: among any five 500-element subsets of $\{ 1,2,\dots, 1000\}$ there exist two sets, whose intersection contains at least $m$ numbers.

Let $ \mathcal{F}$ be a family of subsets of a ground set $ X$ such that $ \cup_{F \in \mathcal{F}}F=X$, and (a) if $ A,B \in \mathcal{F}$, then $ A \cup B \subseteq C$ for some $ C \in \mathcal{F};$ (b) if $ A_n \in \mathcal{F} \;(n=0,1,...)\ , B \in \mathcal{F},$ and $ A_0 \subset A_1 \subset...,$ then, for some $ k \geq 0, \;A_n \cap B=A_k \cap B$ for all $ n \geq k$. Show that there exist pairwise disjoint sets ${ X_{\gamma} \;( \gamma \in \Gamma}\ )$, with $ X= \cup \{ X_{\gamma} : \;\gamma \in \Gamma \ \},$ such that every $ X_{\gamma}$ is contained in some member of $ \mathcal{F}$, and every element of $ \mathcal{F}$ is contained in the union of finitely many $ X_{\gamma}$'s. [i]A. Hajnal[/i]

$ n$ sets $ S_1$, $ S_2$ $ \cdots$, $ S_n$ consists of non-negative numbers. $ x_i$ is the sum of all elements of $ S_i$, prove that there is a natural number $ k$, $ 1<k<n$, and: \[ \sum_{i\equal{}1}^n x_i < \frac{1}{k\plus{}1} \left[ k \cdot \frac{n(n\plus{}1)(2n\plus{}1)}{6} \minus{} (k\plus{}1)^2 \cdot \frac{n(n\plus{}1)}{2} \right]\] and there exists subscripts $ i$, $ j$, $ t$, and $ l$ (at least $ 3$ of them are distinct) such that $ x_i \plus{} x_j \equal{} x_t \plus{} x_l$.

On the $xy$ plane, find the area of the figure bounded by the graphs of $y=x$ and $y=\left|\ \frac34 x^2-3\ \right |-2$. [i]2011 Kyoto University entrance exam/Science, Problem 3[/i]

[b]p1.[/b] Is it possible to put $9$ numbers $1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9$ in a circle in a way such that the sum of any three circularly consecutive numbers is divisible by $3$ and is, moreover: a) greater than $9$ ? b) greater than $15$? [b]p2.[/b] You can cut the figure below along the sides of the small squares into several (at least two) identical pieces. What is the minimal number of such equal pieces? [img]https://cdn.artofproblemsolving.com/attachments/8/e/9cd09a04209774dab34bc7f989b79573453f35.png[/img] [b]p3.[/b] There are $100$ colored marbles in a box. It is known that among any set of ten marbles there are at least two marbles of the same color. Show that the box contains $12$ marbles of the same color. [b]p4.[/b] Is it possible to color squares of a $ 8\times 8$ board in white and black color in such a way that every square has exactly one black neighbor square separated by a side? [b]p5.[/b] In a basket, there are more than $80$ but no more than $200$ white, yellow, black, and red balls. Exactly $12\%$ are yellow, $20\%$ are black. Is it possible that exactly $2/3$ of the balls are white? PS. You should use hide for answers. Collected [url=https://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c5h2760506p24143309]here[/url].

Let $M$ be on segment$ BC$ of $\vartriangle ABC$ so that $AM = 3$, $BM = 4$, and $CM = 5$. Find the largest possible area of $\vartriangle ABC$.

Let $O$ be the center of the circumcircle of an acute triangle $ABC$, let $P$ be any point inside the segment $BC$. Suppose the circumcircle of triangle $BPO$ intersects the segment $AB$ at point $R$ and the circumcircle of triangle $COP$ intersects $CA$ at point $Q$. (i) Consider the triangle $PQR$, show that it is similar to triangle $ABC$ and that $O$ is its orthocenter. (ii) Show that the circumcircles of triangles $BPO$, $COP$, $PQR$ have the same radius.

Two circles $C_1$ and $C_2$ intersect at $S$. The tangent in $S$ to $C_1$ intersects $C_2$ in $A$ different from $S$. The tangent in $S$ to $C_2$ intersects $C_1$ in $B$ different from $S$. Another circle $C_3$ goes through $A, B, S$. The tangent in $S$ to $C_3$ intersects $C_1$ in $P$ different from $S$ and $C_2$ in $Q$ different from $S$. Prove that the distance $PS$ is equal to the distance $QS$.

The side lengths $a,$ $b,$ $c$ of a triangle $ABC$ form an arithmetical progression (such that $b-a=c-b$). The side lengths $a_{1},$ $b_{1},$ $c_{1}$ of a triangle $A_{1}B_{1}C_{1}$ also form an arithmetical progression (with $b_{1}-a_{1}=c_{1}-b_{1}$). [Hereby, $a=BC,$ $b=CA,$ $c=AB, $ $a_{1}=B_{1}C_{1},$ $b_{1}=C_{1}A_{1},$ $c_{1}=A_{1}B_{1}.$] Moreover, we know that $\measuredangle CAB=\measuredangle C_{1}A_{1}B_{1}.$ Show that triangles $ABC$ and $A_{1}B_{1}C_{1}$ are similar.

Find all the positive integers $x$ and $y$ that satisfy the equation $x(x - y) = 8y - 7$