Olympiad problems

2004 China Team Selection Test, 1

Find the largest value of the real number $ \lambda$, such that as long as point $ P$ lies in the acute triangle $ ABC$ satisfying $ \angle{PAB}\equal{}\angle{PBC}\equal{}\angle{PCA}$, and rays $ AP$, $ BP$, $ CP$ intersect the circumcircle of triangles $ PBC$, $ PCA$, $ PAB$ at points $ A_1$, $ B_1$, $ C_1$ respectively, then $ S_{A_1BC}\plus{} S_{B_1CA}\plus{} S_{C_1AB} \geq \lambda S_{ABC}$.

TNO 2024 Junior, 4

Tags: combinatorics

Tomás is an avid domino player. One day, while playing with the tiles, he realized he could arrange all the tiles in a single row following the rules, meaning that the number on the right side of each tile matches the number on the left side of the next tile. If the number on the left side of the first tile is 5, what is the number on the right side of the last tile?

2008 District Olympiad, 3

Tags: superior algebra , group theory , abstract algebra

Let $ A$ be a commutative unitary ring with an odd number of elements. Prove that the number of solutions of the equation $ x^2 \equal{} x$ (in $ A$) divides the number of invertible elements of $ A$.

2012 AMC 12/AHSME, 2

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Cagney can frost a cupcake every $20$ seconds and Lacey can frost a cupcake every $30$ seconds. Working together, how many cupcakes can they frost in $5$ minutes? $ \textbf{(A)}\ 10 \qquad\textbf{(B)}\ 15 \qquad\textbf{(C)}\ 20 \qquad\textbf{(D)}\ 25 \qquad\textbf{(E)}\ 30 $

2010 ELMO Shortlist, 1

Tags: geometry , circumcircle , geometric transformation , incenter , homothety , asymptote , angle bisector

Let $ABC$ be a triangle. Let $A_1$, $A_2$ be points on $AB$ and $AC$ respectively such that $A_1A_2 \parallel BC$ and the circumcircle of $\triangle AA_1A_2$ is tangent to $BC$ at $A_3$. Define $B_3$, $C_3$ similarly. Prove that $AA_3$, $BB_3$, and $CC_3$ are concurrent. [i]Carl Lian.[/i]

2015 Online Math Open Problems, 23

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Let $p = 2017,$ a prime number. Let $N$ be the number of ordered triples $(a,b,c)$ of integers such that $1 \le a,b \le p(p-1)$ and $a^b-b^a=p \cdot c$. Find the remainder when $N$ is divided by $1000000.$ [i] Proposed by Evan Chen and Ashwin Sah [/i] [i] Remark: [/i] The problem was initially proposed for $p = 3,$ and $1 \le a, b \le 30.$

2018 Pan-African Shortlist, C3

Tags: game , combinatorics , chessboard

A game is played on an $m \times n$ chessboard. At the beginning, there is a coin on one of the squares. Two players take turns to move the coin to an adjacent square (horizontally or vertically). The coin may never be moved to a square that has been occupied before. If a player cannot move any more, he loses. Prove: [list] [*] If the size (number of squares) of the board is even, then the player to move first has a winning strategy, regardless of the initial position. [*] If the size of the board is odd, then the player to move first has a winning strategy if and only if the coin is initially placed on a square whose colour is not the same as the colour of the corners. [/list]

1994 All-Russian Olympiad Regional Round, 10.8

Tags: combinatorics

In the Flower-city there are $ n$ squares and $ m$ streets, where $ m \geq n \plus{} 1$. Each street connects two squares and does not pass through other squares. According to a tradition in the city, each street is named either blue or red. Every year, a square is selected and the names of all streets emanating from that square are changed. Show that the streets can be initially named in such a way that, no matter how the names will be changed, the streets will never all have the same name.

1985 IMO Longlists, 47

Tags: geometry

Let $F$ be the correspondence associating with every point $P = (x, y)$ the point $P' = (x', y')$ such that \[ x'= ax + b,\qquad y'= ay + 2b. \qquad (1)\] Show that if $a \neq 1$, all lines $PP'$ are concurrent. Find the equation of the set of points corresponding to $P = (1, 1)$ for $b = a^2$. Show that the composition of two mappings of type $(1)$ is of the same type.

2012 Centers of Excellency of Suceava, 4

Tags: function , calculus , derivative , real analysis , lagrange , convexity

Let be two real numbers $ a<b $ and a differentiable function $ f:[a,b]\longrightarrow\mathbb{R} $ that has a bounded derivative. Show that if $ \frac{f(b)-f(a)}{b-a} $ is equal to the global supremum or infimum of $ f', $ then $ f $ is polynomial with degree $ 1. $ [i]Cătălin Țigăeru[/i]

2016 AMC 12/AHSME, 1

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What is the value of $\frac{2a^{-1}+\frac{a^{-1}}{2}}{a}$ when $a= \frac{1}{2}$? $\textbf{(A)}\ 1\qquad\textbf{(B)}\ 2\qquad\textbf{(C)}\ \frac{5}{2}\qquad\textbf{(D)}\ 10\qquad\textbf{(E)}\ 20$

Durer Math Competition CD Finals - geometry, 2021.C3

Tags: equal angles , geometry , isosceles

In the isosceles triangle $ABC$ we have $AC = BC$. Let $X$ be an arbitrary point of the segment $AB$. The line parallel to $BC$ and passing through $X$ intersects the segment $AC$ in $N$, and the line parallel to $AC$ and passing through $BC$ intersects the segment $BC$ in $M$. Let $k_1$ be the circle with center $N$ and radius $NA$. Similarly, let $k_2$ be the circle with center $M$ and radius $MB$. Let $T$ be the intersection of the circles $k_1$ and $k_2$ different from $X$. Show that the angles $\angle NCM$ and $\angle NTM$ are equal.

2024 Argentina National Olympiad Level 2, 6

Tags: number theory

A list of $7$ numbers is constructed using the following procedure: each number in the list is equal to the sum of the previous number and the previous number written in reverse order. For example, if a number in the list is $23544$, the next number is $68076 = 23544 + 44532$. (It is forbidden for any number in the list to start with $0$, although the reversed numbers may start with $0$.) Decide whether it is possible to choose the first number of the list so that the seventh number is a prime number.

2004 239 Open Mathematical Olympiad, 8

Tags: geometry , circumcircle , parallelogram , parabola , ratio , geometric transformation , conic

Given a triangle $ABC$. A point $X$ is chosen on a side $AC$. Some circle passes through $X$, touches the side $AC$ and intersects the circumcircle of triangle $ABC$ in points $M$ and $N$ such that the segment $MN$ bisects $BX$ and intersects sides $AB$ and $BC$ in points $P$ and $Q$. Prove that the circumcircle of triangle $PBQ$ passes through a fixed point different from $B$. [b]proposed by Sergej Berlov[/b]

2016 Grand Duchy of Lithuania, 4

Tags: divide , divisible , number theory

Determine all positive integers $n$ such that $7^n -1$ is divisible by $6^n -1$.

2021 Science ON grade VIII, 2

Tags: combinatorics , counting

Let $n\ge 3$ be an integer. Let $s(n)$ be the number of (ordered) pairs $(a;b)$ consisting of positive integers $a,b$ from the set $\{1,2,\dots ,n\}$ which satisfy $\gcd (a,b,n)=1$. Prove that $s(n)$ is divisible by $4$ for all $n\ge 3$. [i] (Vlad Robu) [/i]

1982 National High School Mathematics League, 8

Tags: inequalities

$a,b$ are two different positive real numbers, then which one is the largest? $$A=(a+\frac{1}{a})(b+\frac{1}{b}), B=(\sqrt{ab}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{ab}})^2, C=(\frac{a+b}{2}+\frac{2}{a+b})^2.$$ $\text{(A)}A\qquad\text{(B)}B\qquad\text{(C)}C\qquad\text{(D)}$Not sure.

2021 Iranian Geometry Olympiad, 3

Tags: geometry , perimeter , semicircle , angle

As shown in the following figure, a heart is a shape consist of three semicircles with diameters $AB$, $BC$ and $AC$ such that $B$ is midpoint of the segment $AC$. A heart $\omega$ is given. Call a pair $(P, P')$ bisector if $P$ and $P'$ lie on $\omega$ and bisect its perimeter. Let $(P, P')$ and $(Q,Q')$ be bisector pairs. Tangents at points $P, P', Q$, and $Q'$ to $\omega$ construct a convex quadrilateral $XYZT$. If the quadrilateral $XYZT$ is inscribed in a circle, find the angle between lines $PP'$ and $QQ'$. [img]https://cdn.artofproblemsolving.com/attachments/3/c/8216889594bbb504372d8cddfac73b9f56e74c.png[/img] [i]Proposed by Mahdi Etesamifard - Iran[/i]

1983 All Soviet Union Mathematical Olympiad, 354

Tags: inequalities , algebra , digit

Natural number $k$ has $n$ digits in its decimal notation. It was rounded up to tens, then the obtained number was rounded up to hundreds, and so on $(n-1)$ times. Prove that the obtained number $m$ satisfies inequality $m < \frac{18k}{13}$. (Examples of rounding: $191\to190\to 200, 135\to140\to 100$.)

2014 Contests, 2

Tags: number theory , diophantine equation

$p$ is a prime. Find the all $(m,n,p)$ positive integer triples satisfy $m^3+7p^2=2^n$.

2016 IFYM, Sozopol, 7

Tags: plane , combinatorics

A grasshopper hops from an integer point to another integer point in the plane, where every even jump has a length $\sqrt{98}$ and every odd one - $\sqrt{149}$. What’s the least number of jumps the grasshopper has to make in order to return to its starting point after odd number of jumps?

2020 Ukrainian Geometry Olympiad - April, 2

Tags: geometry , equal angles , circles , tangent , symmetry

Let $\Gamma$ be a circle and $P$ be a point outside, $PA$ and $PB$ be tangents to $\Gamma$ , $A, B \in \Gamma$ . Point $K$ is an arbitrary point on the segment $AB$. The circumscirbed circle of $\vartriangle PKB$ intersects $\Gamma$ for the second time at point $T$, point $P'$ is symmetric to point $P$ wrt point $A$. Prove that $\angle PBT = \angle P'KA$.

2016 AIME Problems, 2

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There is a $40\%$ chance of rain on Saturday and a $30\%$ of rain on Sunday. However, it is twice as likely to rain on Sunday if it rains on Saturday than if it does not rain on Saturday. The probability that it rains at least one day this weekend is $\frac{a}{b}$, where $a$ and $b$ are relatively prime positive integers. Find $a+b$.

Russian TST 2015, P1

Tags: square , geometry

The points $A', B', C', D'$ are selected respectively on the sides $AB, BC, CD, DA$ of the cyclic quadrilateral $ABCD$. It is known that $AA' = BB' = CC' = DD'$ and \[\angle AA'D' =\angle BB'A' =\angle CC'B' =\angle DD'C'.\]Prove that $ABCD$ is a square.

2020 Tuymaada Olympiad, 1

Tags: number theory

For each positive integer $m$ let $t_m$ be the smallest positive integer not dividing $m$. Prove that there are infinitely many positive integers which can not be represented in the form $m + t_m$. [i](A. Golovanov)[/i]