Consider the $5$ by $5$ by $5$ equilateral triangular grid as shown: [asy] size(5cm); real n = 5; for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) { draw((0.5*i,0.866*i)--(n-0.5*i,0.866*i)); } for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) { draw((n-i,0)--((n-i)/2,(n-i)*0.866)); } for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) { draw((i,0)--((n+i)/2,(n-i)*0.866)); } [/asy] Ethan chooses two distinct upward-oriented equilateral triangles bounded by the gridlines. The probability that Ethan chooses two triangles that share exactly one vertex can be expressed as $\frac{m}{n}$ for relatively prime positive integers $m$ and $n$. Compute $m+n$. [i]Proposed by Andrew Wen[/i]

Suppose that $a$ is real number. Sequence $a_1,a_2,a_3,....$ satisfies $$a_1=a, a_{n+1} = \begin{cases} a_n - \frac{1}{a_n}, & a_n\ne 0 \\ 0, & a_n=0 \end{cases} (n=1,2,3,..)$$ Find all possible values of $a$ such that $|a_n|<1$ for all positive integer $n$.

Consider a parallelogram $ABCD$ such that the midpoint $M$ of the side $CD$ lies on the angle bisector of $\angle BAD$. Show that $\angle AMB$ is a right angle.

Show that there do not exist positive integers $x,y,z$ such that $$x^x + y^y = 9^z$$ [i]usjl[/i]

On a trip from the United States to Canada, Isabella took $ d$ U.S. dollars. At the border she exchanged them all, receiving $ 10$ Canadian dollars for every $ 7$ U.S. dollars. After spending $ 60$ Canadian dollars, she had $ d$ Canadian dollars left. What is the sum of the digits of $ d$? $ \textbf{(A)}\ 5\qquad \textbf{(B)}\ 6\qquad \textbf{(C)}\ 7\qquad \textbf{(D)}\ 8\qquad \textbf{(E)}\ 9$

Let $ABC$ be a triangle with $AB = \frac{AC}{2 }+ BC$. Consider the two semicircles outside the triangle with diameters $AB$ and $BC$. Let $X$ be the orthogonal projection of $A$ onto the common tangent line of those semicircles. Find $\angle CAX$.

For certain real numbers $a$, $b$, and $c$, the polynomial \[g(x) = x^3 + ax^2 + x + 10\] has three distinct roots, and each root of $g(x)$ is also a root of the polynomial \[f(x) = x^4 + x^3 + bx^2 + 100x + c.\] What is $f(1)$? $\textbf{(A)}\ -9009 \qquad\textbf{(B)}\ -8008 \qquad\textbf{(C)}\ -7007 \qquad\textbf{(D)}\ -6006 \qquad\textbf{(E)}\ -5005$

Suppose $f:\mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}$ is a function given by $$f(x) =\begin{cases} 1 & \mbox{if} \ x=1 \\ e^{(x^{10}-1)}+(x-1)^2\sin\frac1{x-1} & \mbox{if} \ x\neq 1\end{cases}$$ (a) Find $f'(1)$ (b) Evaluate $\displaystyle \lim_{u\to\infty} \left[100u-u\sum_{k=1}^{100} f\left(1+\frac{k}{u}\right)\right]$.

In triangle $ABC$, medians $AA'$, $BB'$, $CC'$ are extended until they intersect with the circumcircle at points $A_0$, $B_0$, $C_0$, respectively. It is known that the intersection point M of the medians of triangle $ABC$ divides the segment $AA_0$ in half. Prove that the triangle $A_0B_0C_0$ is isosceles.

All non-zero coefficients of the polynomial $f(x)$ equal $1$, while the sum of the coefficients is $20$. Is it possible that thirteen coefficients of $f^2(x)$ equal $9$? [i](S. Ivanov, K. Kokhas)[/i]

If $a,b,c\in (0,1)$ satisfy $a+b+c=2$ , prove that $\frac{abc}{(1-a)(1-b)(1-c)}\ge 8$

Let $ABC$ be a triangle. Points $D$, $E$, and $F$ are respectively on the sides $\overline{BC}$, $\overline{CA}$, and $\overline{AB}$ of $\triangle ABC$. Suppose that \[ \frac{AE}{AC} = \frac{CD}{CB} = \frac{BF}{BA} = x \] for some $x$ with $\frac{1}{2} < x < 1$. Segments $\overline{AD}$, $\overline{BE}$, and $\overline{CF}$ cut the triangle into 7 nonoverlapping regions: 4 triangles and 3 quadrilaterals. The total area of the 4 triangles equals the total area of the 3 quadrilaterals. Compute the value of $x$.

The altitude drawn to the base of an isosceles triangle is $ 8$, and the perimeter $ 32$. The area of the triangle is: $ \textbf{(A)}\ 56\qquad \textbf{(B)}\ 48\qquad \textbf{(C)}\ 40\qquad \textbf{(D)}\ 32\qquad \textbf{(E)}\ 24$

Compute the number of ordered pairs $(a,b)$ of positive integers satisfying $a^b=2^{100}$. [i]Proposed by Nathan Xiong[/i]

A triangle $ABC$ is inscribed in a circle $\omega$. A variable line $\ell$ chosen parallel to $BC$ meets segments $AB$, $AC$ at points $D$, $E$ respectively, and meets $\omega$ at points $K$, $L$ (where $D$ lies between $K$ and $E$). Circle $\gamma_1$ is tangent to the segments $KD$ and $BD$ and also tangent to $\omega$, while circle $\gamma_2$ is tangent to the segments $LE$ and $CE$ and also tangent to $\omega$. Determine the locus, as $\ell$ varies, of the meeting point of the common inner tangents to $\gamma_1$ and $\gamma_2$. [i](Russia) Vasily Mokin and Fedor Ivlev[/i]

Altitudes $AA_1$, $BB_1$, $CC_1$ of an acute triangle $ABC$ meet at $H$. $A_0$, $B_0$, $C_0$ are the midpoints of $BC$, $CA$, $AB$ respectively. Points $A_2$, $B_2$, $C_2$ on the segments $AH$, $BH$, $HC_1$ respectively are such that $\angle A_0B_2A_2 = \angle B_0C_2B_2 = \angle C_0A_2C_2 =90^\circ$. Prove that the lines $AC_2$, $BA_2$, $CB_2$ are concurrent.